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Art in the second half of the 19th century, image, image, image, image,…
Art in the second half of the 19th century
New architectural tendencies
use of materials provided by the new industries
steel
concrete
were the beginning of modern architecture
The Chicago School
a fire in the city of Chicago destroyed most of the city (1871)
William le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan redesigned the city
new innovations
The first skyscrapers were built
Foundations were strengthened with reinforced concrete pillars
Lifts and telephones were incorporated to make communication easier
CAST-IRON ARCHITECTURE
is a form of architecture prominent (1850-1890)
used iron as a building material
Example: Eiffel Tower in Paris
by Gustave Eiffel
to commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution
The iron and steel industry produced cast-iron
allowed the construction of large buildings with fewer supports
constructions built with this new material
Sante Geneviève library in Paris
train stations
MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE
a new architectural style developed in Europe (1890-1920)
used the new materials such as iron, reinforced concrete and glass as construction and decorative materials.
designed every aspect of the building, including interior and exterior elements, such as furniture and balconies
the predominant feature
organic motifs
Curves and wavy lines
such as flowers and leaves
In Europe
the Paris metro entrances
designed by Hector Guimard
In Spain
Antonio Gaudí (1852–1926)
he designed hexagonal balconies and curved structures with concrete
most famous works (in Barcelona)
the Casa Batlló
the Casa Milà
the church of the Sagrada Familia
the Park Güell
REALISM
was a cultural movement (literary and artistic)
developed in Europe (1850-1870)
scenes from everyday life, especially of the working class
a socially conscious art
it portrayed and reflected
he hard working conditions of the labourers
the social and economic situation
the figures in the paintings were painted realistically and were not idealised
In sculpture
Constantin Meunier (The forger)
In painting
Jean François Millet painted peasants (Angelus)
Honoré Daumier painted the working class (The washerwoman)
Gustave Courbet painted different social classes (The painter's studio)
In Spain
Martí i Alsina (La siesta)
IMPRESSIONISM
was a style of painting and sculpture
began in France in 1870 and spread across Europe
It was an experimental style
artists tried to create an impression in the minds of the viewers
It was significantly different from traditional painting and is considered to be the beginning of modern art
usually painted outside, not in a studio
painted scenes of everyday life without any intention of conveying political or social messages
Artists depicted the effect of light on objects at different times of the day
The technique they used was innovative, using unmixed colours
thick, overlapping layers, with fast, loose brushstrokes
The most important Impressionists
August Renoir (The swing)
Édouard Manet (A bar at the Folies-Bergère)
Claude Monet (Impression: sunrise)
Joaquín Sorolla (Paseo a orillas del mar)
Dario Regoyos (Tendido de sombra)
In sculpture Auguste Rodin
The burghers of Calais
abandoned proportional representation of figures
exaggerated facial expressions
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
From 1890 onwards, Impressionism was replaced by Post-Impressionism
each painter had their own style
most important artists
Vincent van Gogh
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Edgar Degas
Paul Cézanne
geometric shapes to depict real objects
