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MEDIEVAL HISTORY (1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dantidurga
        
        founder
        
        capital: Manyakhet
        
        performed Hiranyagarbha ritual (rebirth as Kshatriya)
        
        Dashavtar Temple @ Ellora
      - Krishna I
        
        Defeated Gangas and Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (governors of Chalukyas of Badami)
        
        Built the rock-cut monolithic Kailasa temple at Ellora
      - Dhruva
        
        Defeated Pratiharas and Palas for Kanauj
      - Govinda III
        
        Second ruler to occupy Kanauj
        
        King of Ceylon sent him two statues as an act of submission
        
        Victories over North Indian kingdoms
      - Amoghavarsha I
        
        Follower of Jainism
        
        Jinasena was his chief preceptor (converted him to Jainism)
        
        Kavirajamarga - Kannada work - first poetic work in Kannada language
        
        His daughter Chandrobalabbe administered Raichur Doab for some time
      - Indra III
        
        Al-Masudi visited
      - Krishna III
        
        Marched south and captured Tanjore and even Rameshwaram
        
        Krishneswara temple at Rameshwaram
        
        Nalachampu by Trivikrama, Kavirahasya by Halayudha
    - - Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished
      - Jainism progressed
      - Prosperous Buddhist settlements - Kanheri, Sholapur, Dharwar
      - Harmony among various religions
      - Active commerce between Deccan and Arabs
    - - Rashtras - Rashtrapatis - province
      - Vishayas - Vishayapati - district
      - Bhukti - bhogapati - 50-70 villages
      - Officers were directly appointed by the central government
      - Village assemblies played a significant role in village administration
      - village headman and village accountant - hereditary
      - gram mahattara - village elder who often helped village headman in his duties
      - koshta-pala- law and order in towns
      - nad-govundas or desa gramakutas - hereditary revenue officers
    - - Patronised Sanskrit literature, Jain literature
      - Amoghavarsha - Kavirajamarga
      - Trivikrama - Nalachampu - Indra III
      - Halayudha - Kavirahasya - Krishna III - grammar book (verbs with meaning)
      - Pampa (final compilation by Gunabhadra) - Adipurana - About Rishabanath
      - Jinasena - Parsvabhudaya - biography of Parsva
      - Sakatayana - Amogavritti - Grammar (patronised by Amoghavarsha)
      - Viracharya - Ganitasaram - Mathematics (patronised by Amoghavarsha) - negative number does not have a square root
      - Beginnings of Kannada literature
        
        Amoghavarsha I - Kavirajamarga - first poetic work in Kannada
        
        Pampa - Vikramasenavijaya (Kannada Mahabharata - Arjuna alone is the hero, Draupadi is his wife only)
        
        Ponna - Santipurana (patronised by Krishna III) - Life of 16th Jain tirthankara Santinatha
    - - Ellora
        
        Kailasa temple - general features are Dravidian
        
        Shikhara similar to shikara of Mamallapuram rock cut temples
        
        Sculpture of Durga slaying Mahishashura
        
        Sculpture of Ravana lifting Mount Kailash
        
        Paintings depicting scenes from Ramayana
      - Elephanta
        
        Island near Bombay originally called Gharapuri/Sripuri - Portuguese called it Elephanta
        
        Similarities between sculptures of Ellora and Elephanta
        
        At the entrance to sanctum, there are figures of Dwara-Palaks
        
        sculptures of Ardhanarishvara and Maheshamurti are found
        
        Trimurti statue - shows Shiva as creator, preserver, destroyer
  - - - 730-1036 AD
      - Capital - Avanti, Kanauj
      - Nagabhata I - Founder; Bhoja is called the real founder and greatest ruler
      - Gwalior Prashasti written in Sanskrit
      - Bhoja I assumed title Adi Varaha (devotee of Vishnu) - found on some of his coins
      - Al-Masudi visited after Bhoja's death; called the Pratihara Kingdom "Al Juzr" and the king "Baura"
      - Bhoja Prabandha - Ballala Deva - 11th century text
      - Rajasekhara - Sanskrit poet and dramatist; during the reign of Mahipala, grandson of Bhoja
    - - Ananga Pala
    - - 957 - 1192 AD
      - Capital - Ajmer
      - Ajay Rai Chauhan - Built Ajmer
      - Prithvi Raj Chauhan (1175-1192 AD)
        
        Chand Bardai (court poet) - Prithvi Raj Raso (Braj Bhasa poem)
        
        Jayanaka - Prithviraj Vijaya
        
        Prithvi Raj Chauhan built Qila Rai Pithora
        
        Defeated Ghori in First Battle of Tarain, killed in the second
    - - 942-1243 AD
      - Capital - Anhilwad
      - Ruled over Gujarat - golden period of Gujarat history
      - Sun temple at Modhera by Bhima I
      - Mulraj - founder
      - Bhima I was defeated by Muhammad Ghazni - plundered Somnath temple
      - Bhima II defeated Muhammad Ghori
    - - 11th-12th century
      - Jaichandra’s daughter married Prithvi Raj Chauhan
      - Defeated by Ghori in Battle of Chandawar
    - - Also called Jejakabhukti dynasty
        (Feudatories of Gurajara-Pratiharas)
      - Khajuraho temples
        
        Kandariya Mahadeva temple - Dhangadeva
        
        Image of chief deity in garbhagriha (where king, his immediate family and priest were allowed)
        
        Commoners were not allowed entry in Khajuraho
      - Yashovarma - founder; Commissioned Lakshmana temple
      - Vidyadhara
        
        Extended kingdom to Chambal and Narmada
        
        Resisted Muhammad Ghazni when he attacked Kalinjar fort
  - - - founder: Gopala
      - Patronised mahayana buddhism
      - Mahipala I constructed and repaired several sacred structures at Saranath, Nalanda and Bodh Gaya. Gopala founded the famous monastery at Odantapura (Bihar). Dharmapala established the Vikramashila and the Somapura Mahaviharas (Bangladesh)
      - Dharmapala
        
        Uttarapathaswamin title
        
        Revived Nalanda
        
        founded Vikramshila university
        
        8th-9th century
        
        Santarakshita and Atisa Dipankara - founder of Sarma tradition of Buddhism popular in Tibet were scholars at Vikramshila
        
        Destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji
        
        Arab merchant- Sulaiman calls the Pala kingdom "Ruhma" and attests to its power
      - Devapala defeated Amoghavarsha
      - Five Mahaviharas - Nalanda, Odantapura, Vikramshila (Bihar), Somapura, Jagadala (Bangladesh)
      - Mahipala: Defeated by Rajendra Chola
    - - Last great patrons of Buddhism
      - Lakshman Sena
        
        Court poet - Jaydev - Gita Govinda
        
        Bakhtiar Khilji defeated him in 1197
  - - - Conflict with Cholas and eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
      - Destroyed by Hoysalas in 12th century
      - Contributed to Kannada and Sanskrit literature
      - Tailapa II- Founder - killed last ruler of Rashtrakuta (Karaka); Patronised Kannada poet Ranna
      - Someshwara I: Established Kalyani as capital; Killed Rajadhiraja Chola in battle of Koppam
      - Vikramditya VI
        
        1076 AD - Chalukya Vikram era
        
        Left many Kannada inscriptions
        
        Kashmir poet Bilhana - Vikramankadevacharita
        
        Vijnaneshwara - Mittakshara - treatise on inheritance (jurist)
        
        Shavite
    - - 1110-1326 AD
      - Capital - Warangal
      - Prolaraja - Founder
      - Ganapati - Most powerful ruler
      - Important seaport - Motupalli (Marco Polo talked about it)
      - Rudramadevi (1262-1289) - famous woman ruler - changed name on inscription and pretended she was a man
    - - 1187-1312 AD
      - Capital - Devagiri
      - Founders of Marathi culture
      - Bhillam V - Founder
      - Raja Ramachandra - last ruler - submitted to Alauddin Khilji
    - - Capital - Belur, shifted to Halebidu
      - South Karnataka
      - Growth of Kannada and Sanskrit literature
      - Temples of Halebidu
      - Vittigadev Vishnuvardhan
        
        first major ruler
        
        Chennakeshava temple at Belur
        
        Originally Jain, became Vaishnava under Ramanujacharya
      - Vira Ballala III - Last ruler - Killed by commander of Alauddin Khilji
- - - - Founded the Imperial Chola line
      - Built town of Tanjore and temple for goddess Nishumhasudini
    - - Ended Pallava kingdom by beating Aparajita and annexing Tondaimandalam
    - - Defeated Pandyas
        
        (Maduraiyyam Elamum Konda - one who defeated Madurai)
      - Krishna III defeated him in the Battle of Takkolam
      - Provided vimana of the famous Nataraja temple (Chidambaram) with a golden roof
      - Uttiramerur Inscriptions: Village administration under Cholas - Pioneers of LSG in India
    - - Devout Shaiva
      - Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore in 1010 AD - Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan
      - Buddhist Monastery at Nagapattnam
      - Irrigation tank called Cholagangam
    - - Whole of Sri Lanka was made part of the Chola empire
      - Defeated Jayasimha II of Western Chalukyas - Tungabhadra was recognised
      - Reasserted Chola authority over Chera and Pandya country
      - Crossed Ganga and defeated Mahipala I (Pala) - founded the city of Gangaikondacholapuram to commemorate his success
      - Expedition to Sri Vijaya
      - Rajesvaram temple in Gangaikondacholapuram
      - Tungabhadra was the northern boundary of the Chola kingdom
- - - - Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1211)
        
        1206 - Declared his independence after the death of Ghori - severed all connections with Ghori
        
        Capital - Lahore
        
        Lakh Baksh - Gave generous donations
        
        Patronised Hasan Nizami - wrote Taj-ul-Massir (history of Delhi Sultanate written in Persian-first official history of the Sultanate)
        
        Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque - Delhi (expanded by Illtutmish and Alauddin Khilji)
        
        Adhai Din ka Jhopra - Ajmer
      - Illtutmish (1211-1236)
        
        Belonged to Illbari tribe
        
        Defeated Aram Baksh (son of Qutbuddin Aibak)
        
        Shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi
        
        Mongol policy of Illtutmish saved India from Chengiz Khan
        
        Received the Mansur from the Abbasid Caliphate (1229) - made him the legal sovereign in India
        
        Initiated hereditary succession to the Delhi Sultanate throne - nominated his daughter Raziya as successor
        
        Created a new class of forty powerful military rulers -Chahalgani
        
        Bandagan - Slaves bought for military service
        
        Patronised many scholars and a number of Sufi saints - Minhaj-us-Siraj
        
        Completed construction of Qutab Minar
        
        Mosque at Ajmer
        
        Hauz-i-Sultani - Large tank outside Delhi-i-Kuhna (old Delhi)
        
        Introduced Arabic coinage into India - silver tanka which forms the basis of the modern Rupee
      - Raziya (1236-1240)
        
        First and only Muslim woman to rule India
        
        Inscriptions and Coins in name of Raziya
      - Balban (1246-1287)
        
        Destroyed the power of Chahalgani who he identified as the biggest threat
        
        Zil-i-Illahi - Sultan was the God’s shadow on earth
        
        Did not share power with nobles
        
        Appointed spies to monitor activities of nobles
        
        Indian muslims were not given important posts
        
        Concentrated more on law and order rather than expanding his empire - robbers were mercilessly punished - Roads became safe
        
        Diwan-i-Ariz - Separate military department
        
        Eliminated all threats to his authority by fair or foul means
        
        Introduced festival of Navroz
        
        When Balban died, his grandson ascended the throne
    - - Jalaluddin Khilji
        
        Generous and lenient
        
        Murdered by Alauddin Khilji in 1296
      - Alauddin Khilji
        
        Sikandar-i-Sani'
        
        Confiscated properties of nobles
        
        Spy system was reorganised and activities of nobles were reported to the Sultan
        
        Public sale of liquor and drugs was stopped
        
        Social gatherings and festivities without his permission were prohibited
        
        Dagh - branding of horses
        
        Huliya - descriptive list of soldiers
        
        Paid the soldiers in cash from the royal treasury
        
        Four separate markets in Delhi - Each market under the control of Shahna-i-mandi
        
        Markets were of: (1) Grain (2) Sugar, Oil, Cloth (3) Slaves, Cattle and Horses (4) Misc.
        
        Diwan-i-Riyasat - Every merchant was registered under the market department - under Naib-i-Riyasat
        
        Munhiyans - Secret agents who reported to the Sultan regarding functioning of markets
        
        Harsh punishment if a shopkeeper tried to cheat or used false weights
        
        First sultan of Delhi who ordered for measurement of land - basis for reforms of Sher Shah and Akbar
        
        Fought the Mongols and defended the North-Western border
        
        Siege of Chittor - Rani Padmini committed Jauhar - mentioned by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in Padmavath
        
        Patronised poets like Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan
        
        Alai Darwaza - gateway to Qutab Minar
        
        New capital at Siri
    - - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
        
        Ascended the throne as Ghazi Khan - killed the last Khilji ruler Khusrau Shah
        
        Laid the foundation for Tughlaqabad near Delhi
      - Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)
        
        Tolerant in religious matters
        
        Only sultan to ban Sati
        
        Diplomatic relations with Egypt, China and Iran
        
        Only Delhi sultan who had received literary, religious and philosophical education
        
        Sources - Isani, Barani, Ibn Batuta (Barani was during period of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq)
        
        Sultanate reached its farthest extent during his reign
        
        Shifted capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri)
        
        Token Currency - copper coins at par with value of silver tanka (large scale forgery)
        
        Increased taxation in the Doab - to cope up with financial losses - at a time of famine, this led to peasant revolts
        
        Quarachil expedition - to invade China
        
        Khurasan expedition
        
        only Sultan to adopt an aggressive policy against Mongols
        
        Agricultural reforms - Takkavi loans to buy seed and improve cultivation, Diwan-i-Kohi - department for Agriculture
        
        Hasan Shah rebellion - establishment of Madurai Sultanate;
        
        1336 - Vijaynagar Kingdom, 1347 - Bahamani kingdom - Asserted independence
        
        Gujarat - Taghi rose against the Sultan
        
        Founded the city of Jahanpanah - built Begumpuri mosque there
        
        Died in 1351 - Badauni: Sultan was freed from the people and people from the Sultan
      - Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)
        
        Chosen as sultan by nobles after death of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
        
        Appointed Khan-i-jahan Maqbal - a Telugu Brahmin convert as his wazir
        
        Chose to reassert his authority over North India instead of reasserting his authority over South India
        
        Bengal became free from Sultanate
        
        1300 Sanskrit manuscripts from the Jawalamukhi temple library and translated them into Persian
        
        Strictly followed the advice of ulemas in administration
        
        iqta system was made hereditary
        
        Iqtadar collected land revenue and excessive revenue was paid to the exchequer - Fawazzil
        
        Taxes
        
        Kharaj - 1/10 of produce - land tax
        
        Zakat - 2% tax on property
        
        Khams - 1/5 booty - tax on spoils of war
        
        First sultan to impose irrigation tax (Hasil-i-Sharb)- also dug canals and wells
        
        Developed royal factories called Karkhanas where many slaves were employed
        
        Free hospitals and marriage bureaus for poor Muslims
        
        Increased the number of slaves
        
        Reimposed Jizya on non-Muslims and treated Hindus as second grade citizens
        
        Diwan-i-Khairat: to take care of orphans and widows
        
        Diwan-i-Bandagan: Welfare of slaves
        
        After his death, struggle for power between Sultan and nobles - his successors faced rebellions by the slaves
        
        1398: Taimur’s invasion dealt a final blow to Tughlaq dynasty
    - - Khizr Khan
        
        Taimur appointed him as governor of Multan - he captured Delhi and established the Sayyid dynasty
        
        Succeeded by Mubarak Shah
      - Mubarak Shah
        
        Busy against conspirators
        
        Bahlul Lodi dominated the administration
      - Muhammad Shah
        
        His tomb is in Lodi gardens
      - Alam Shah
        
        Handed over the throne to Bahlul Lodi and retired
    - - Bahlul Lodi
        
        Lodis were the first Afghans on the Sultanate throne - before him were all Turks
      - Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)
        
        Founded city of Agra - shifted capital from Delhi to Agra
        
        Brought the whole of Bihar under his control - many Rajput chiefs were defeated
        
        Roads and irrigation facilities
        
        Destroyed Hindu temples
        
        Gaz-i-sikandari - For measuring cultivated fields
        
        Moth ki Masjid - Built by his minister
      - Ibrahim Lodi
        
        Dissatisfaction with nobles
        
        Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India
  - - - Extended as far south as Madurai
      - Islamic state - Sultans considered themselves representatives of the Caliph
      - Name of the Caliph was included in khutba and on coins
      - Illtutmish, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq obtained Mansur from Caliph
      - Initially the Sultanate was scattered as garrison towns, which were difficult to administer
      - Efforts to consolidate the sultanate were first taken by Balban (later by Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad Bin Tughlaq)
      - Internal Consolidation - Forests were cleared in Ganga-Yamuna Doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists expelled
      - Sultan was the ultimate authority for military, legal and political activities
      - No clear law of succession
    - - Naib - enjoyed all powers of the Sultan and had general control over all the departments
      - Diwan-i-Wizarat - Finance department - headed by Wazir
      - Diwan-i-Arz - military department (started by Balban) - Headed by Arz-i-Mumalik
      - Sultan was the commander-in-chief, not the Arz-i-Mumalik
      - Branding of horses, Payment in cash - Allauddin Khilji
      - Diwan-i-Risalat - Department of religion - headed by Sadr
      - Diwan-i-Insha - Correspondence between ruler and officials
      - Slaves were loyal to their masters, but often not to their heirs - led to political instability
    - - Iqtas - Provinces under the Delhi sultanate - governors were called muftis/walis - maintained law and order, collected land
        revenue
      - Shiq - Shiqdar
      - Paragana - Amil- revenue collection (number of villages)
      - Village Headman - Muqqadam/Chaudhri, Village accountant was called patwari
  - - - Iqta - Land assigned to nobles in return for their services
      - Khalisa - Under the Sultan - revenues spent for maintenance of royal court
      - Inam - assigned to religious leaders or institutions
  - - - New style of poetry - Sabaq-i-Hind
      - Tughlaq Nama - Rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
      - Khazain-ul-Futuh - Conquests of Alauddin Khilji (also called Tarikh-i-Alai)
      - Ashiqa (love story of son of Alauddin Khilji and Deval Rani of Gujarat)
- - - - Harihara and Bukka were founders (originally served as Kakatiyas of Warangal); Had converted to Islam but then reconverted to Hinduism u/d influence of Vidyaranya
      - Founded Vijaynagar on the south bank of Tungabhadra
      - brought the whole Hoysala kingdom u/d their control by 1346
      - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Madurai is described in Maduravijayam - Extended Vijaynagar empire till tip of Rameshwaram
      - Conflict with Bahamani kingdom over the Raichur Doab and areas of Krishna-Godavari delta
      - Greatest ruler of the dynasty - Devaraya II - could not win over the Bahamani - After his death, empire became weak
    - - 1486 - 1509: Founded by Saluva Narasimha
      - Immadi Narasimha Raya - Vasco Da Game landed in India during his period
    - - Founded by Vira Narasimha
      - Krishnadeva Raya
        
        During Krishnadeva Raya’s period, Bahamani kingdom had been replaced by Deccan Sultanate
        
        Battle of Diwani/Raichur - Krishnadeva Raya defeated Muslim sultanates
        
        Maintained friendly relations with Portuguese
        
        Vaishanvite, but respected other religions
        
        Patron of literature and art and was known as Andhra Bhoja - Amuktamalyada, Jambavati Kalyanam, Ushaparinayam
        
        Ashtadiggajas - eight scholars in his court - Golden period of Telugu literature
        
        Built Vitthalaswamy and Hazara Ramswamy temples in Vijaynagar
        
        Built a new city Nagalapuram in memory of his queen Nagaladevi
        
        Built many Rayagopurams
        
        Battle of Talikota (1565) - (Bijapur, Ahmed Nagar, Golkonda, Bidar) defeated Rama Raya - Considered to mark the end of the Vijaynagar Empire - city was destroyed
    - - Vijaynagar after the Tuluva dynasty
      - Last Vijaynagar ruler - Sri Ranga III
  - - - borrowed from the Iqta system of the Mughal sultanate
      - Were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Raya
      - Collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons and traders
      - Kept part of revenue for personal use and to keep horses and elephants - formed the basis of Vijaynagar army
      - Revenue also used for maintaining temples and irrigation
      - Sent tributes to kings annually , and appeared in royal court
      - Kings could transfer them from one place to another
      - During the 17th century many established independent kingdoms
  - - - Built by Chalukyas in 9th-10th century
      - Enlarged during the Vijaynagar dynasty
      - Hall infant of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession
      - He also constructed the eastern gopuram
    - - Built during the reign of Deva Raya II, enhanced during reign of Krishnadeva Raya
      - Vitthala deity primarily from Maharashtra - indicates Vijaynagara drew on different traditions to create an imperial culture
      - Shrine designed as Chariot
    - - Krishna-Tungabhadra basin
      - No mortar or cementing agent was used in construction of these walls - edged together by interlocking
      - Virupaksha temple - Devadasi dancers performed
      - Pampadevi shrine
      - Mahanavami festival was celebrated
      - First excavated by Colin Mackenzie - first Surveyor General of India
      - 1986 - World Heritage Site by UNESCO
    - - Mentioned by Domingo Paes
      - Located in one of the highest points of the city
      - Rituals probably coincided with Mahanavami of Dussehra - kings displayed power and prestige on such occasions
      - Ceremonies - worship of images, worship of state cows, sacrifices
      - One of the two buildings in the royal residence (other being the audience hall)
- - - - Inducted large number of Hindus into administration
      - Observatory at Daulatabad
      - Chaul and Dabhol were important port cities
    - - Muhammad Shah III : Most successful ruler due to the advice of Mahmud Gawan
      - Gawan
        
        Persian merchant ; Scholar of Mathematics
        
        Endowments for a college in Bidar which was built in Persian style of Architecture
        
        Expanded Bahamani kingdom through his conquests
        
        Administrative reforms improved Sultans control over nobles and provinces
        
        Not liked by nobles who induced the Sultan to execute him
      - After Muhammad Shah III, rulers were weak -> Provincial governors declared independence - Deccan Sultanates
- - - - 63 saints
      - Most important ones: Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar, Manikkavasagar
      - Women Nayanars (3): Mangayarkkarasiyar; Isaignaaniyar; Karaikkal Ammaiyar
      - Shaivites
      - 12 volume poetry compilation: Tirumurai
      - Names of Nayanars first compiled by Sundarar
      - First 7 volumes compile works of Appar, Sampandhar and Sundara as "Tevaram" (compiled by Nambiyandar Nambi )
    - - 12 saints
      - Most Imp. ones: Periyalvar, Andal (only female Alvar saint), Nammalvar, Tondaraddipodi
      - Vaishnavites
      - Major Anthology: Nalayira Divyaprabandham (also called as "Tamil Veda")
  - - - Monism
      - Advaita Vedanta
      - Shankaracharya believed that everything is an illusion and there is no difference in self (atma) and absolute reality (Brahman)
      - Brahman (Ultimate reality = Oneness of soul and God) was without forms and attributes
      - Preached renunciation and path of knowledge to attain salvation
      - Too abstract to appeal to the common man
      - With emergence of idea of Sagunabrahmana, the Advaita concept of Nirgunabrahmana became unpopular
      - Born in Kaladi, Kerala
      - Welcomed tribals into Hinduism
    - - Dvaita
      - Dualism of jivatama and paramatma - cannot merge
      - Kannada region - commentaries on Brahmasutras in Kannada
      - World is not an illusion but a reality
    - - Vishistadvaita
      - Qualified Monism
      - God is Sagunabrahman - God, soul and matter are real
      - Prabatti marga - self-surrender to God
      - Advocated intense devotion to Vishnu
      - Invited the downtrodden to Vaishnavism
      - Born in Tamil Nadu
    - - Krishna Bhakti based on Bhagvadgita
      - Pushti Marg - extreme devotion
  - - - Rejected all forms of ritualism, outward displays of devotion, social differences based on birth
      - Rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their family while serving the needy
      - Bhakti lay in sharing other’s pain
      - Focussed on worship of Vitthala temple in Pandharpur
      - Jnaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath, Tukaram
    - - Founder of Bhakti movement in Maharashtra
      - Commentary of Bhagvat Gita - Jnaneshwari - in Marathi
    - - Preached gospel of love
      - Opposed idol worship, priestly domination and caste system
    - - Advaita Vedanta
      - contemporary of Shivaji and Sambhaji
      - devotee of Rama and Hanuman
    - - Opposed caste system
      - Sympathy towards lower castes
      - Revived Vaishnava tradition in Maharashtra
    - - Contemporary of Shivaji
      - Created a background for Maratha nationalism
      - Opposed all social distinction
      - Composed abhangs
  - - - Disciple of Ramanuja
      - Later founded his own sect and preached in Hindi at Banaras and Agra
      - First to employ vernacular medium to propagate his ideas
      - Emancipation of people from the traditional caste rules
      - Chose disciples from all sections of the society disregarding class
    - - Sakhis/Pads - composed by him and sung by wandering singers - main source of information about Kabir
      - His compositions are in Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani, Bijak, Kabir Granthavali
      - Wanted to reconcile higher teachings of both Hinduism and Islam
      - Emphasised equality of man before God
      - Vehemently opposed external worship in both Hinduism and Islam
      - Opposed priestly class and caste system
      - Condemned idol worship, rituals and polytheism
      - Kabir is an inspiration for those who questioned entrenched religious beliefs
    - - founded the Dvaitadvaita (dualistic monism) doctrine
      - wrote "Vedanta-Parijata-Saurabha", a commentary on Brahmasutras
      - Radha-Krishna devotee and settled in Mathura
    - - Founder of Sikh religion
      - Disciple of Kabir
      - Centre at Kartarpur - Dera Baba Nanak (banks of Ravi)
      - Strived to establish harmony between Hindus and Muslims
      - Condemned idol worship, rituals and polytheism
      - Instituted Langar - common kitche
      - Did not support renunciation - Insisted his followers should be householders
      - Expected followers to contribute towards a community fund
      - Sangat - Congregational Worship
      - Hymns - Shabad in Punjabi
      - He did not aim to establish a new religion, but his followers distinguished themselves from Hindus and
        Muslims
      - Nam - Worship, Dan - Welfare, Isnan - Conduct
      - Adi Granth has verses from Nanak, Kabir, Baba Farid, Mirabai, Ram Das (hymns are called Gurbani)
      - Followers of Nanak increased during the time of his successors
    - - Introduced Vaishanva tradition in Assam
      - Wrote in Assamese
      - Set up namghars (prayer houses) and satras (monasteries)
      - Teachings are called Bhagavati dharma (based on Bhagavat Gita and Bhagavat Purana)
      - Composition - Kirtana ghost
    - - Disciple of Vallabhacahrya - popularised Krishna cult in North India
      - Sur Sagar, Sur Saravali, Sahitya Lahar
      - Accepted existing beliefs/practices - wanted to make them accessible to all
    - - Devotee of Krishna (Married to a Sisodia prince from Mewar)
      - Popular in Rajasthan for her Bhajans - composed in Braj Bhasa
      - Bhajans theme - Krishna devotion, Challenged norms of Upper castes
      - Disciple of Ravidas (who was from untouchable caste)
    - - Ramcharitmanas - Hindi/Awadhi version of Ramayana
      - Devotee of Rama
      - Contemporary of Akbar
    - - Muslim bhakt of Krishna
      - from Afghanistan
    - - Popularised the Krishna cult
      - Emphasised love, devotion, song and dance (Gudiya Vaishnavism)
      - Accepted disciples from all classes and castes
      - Condemned all distinction based on religion and caste
      - His teachings are still popular in Bengal - kirtans