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Noah Lopez Anatomy and Physiology period 1 The circulatory system -…
Noah Lopez
Anatomy and Physiology period 1
The circulatory system
Anatomy of the heart
Surperior vena cava and interior vena cava: The super vena cava leads from the top of the heart, while the inferior leads from the bottom of the heart. They both carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
The right atrium: this part of the heart is one of the four chambers in the heart. It takes in the deoxygenated blood of the heart system and from there empties the blood into the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve: This valve is one of four chambers in the heart, and the blood goes through here into the right ventricle. It insures that backflow wont occur, and it keeps the blood flowing in the right direction into the right ventricle.
Right ventricle: This chamber pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary valve. The ventricle recieves the blood, and then the flow continues.
Pulmonary valve: This is valve is right before the blood enters the lungs. This valve leads into the artery, which then there blood enters the lungs.
Pulmonary artery: This artery is what leads the blood into the lungs which allows for the blood to go through the lungs. The blood goes through the lungs and then becomes oxygenated again.
Pulmonary vein: This vein collects the oxygenated blood from the lungs and continues the blood flow through the heart. And back into the heart.
Left atrium: This atrium is the third chamber in the blood flow of the heart. It pumps the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle .
Left ventricle: Is the last chamber of the hearts blood flow. It prepares the blood to go through the whole body before the aorta.
Aortic valve: The last valve of the heart as it prevents backflow of the blood to occur. It continues the direction of the blood as it goes through the aorta.
Bicuspid valve: Like the other valves it prevents backflow of the blood to occur. The blood continues into the left ventricle.
Aorta: The last blood vessel of the heart before the blood goes through the heart. Its main function is to pump blood all throughout the body.
Interventircular sulcus: this is the line that seperates the heart from right side and left.
interventricular septum: seperates the internal ventricles from left and right.
Apex of heart: the apex is the bottom tip of the heart. It is a indicator for the posterior and anterior sides.
Base of the heart: the base of the heart is the top part of the heart. It contains some of the trunks and valves on the top/
Coronary artery’s and veins : these are what allow for the blood to recieve blood itself. They give the heart blood.
the auricles: these collect the blood both oxygenated and deoxygenated. They are external and are slightly above and connected to the atriums
brachosophalic trunk: It supply’s upper half of our body with blood (head and neck).
veins, capillaries, and arteries
capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that only allow for one red blood cell to pass through
Walls are really thin
Support almost all cells
Exchanges gasses, nutrients, hormones, waste
Capillary wall: networked or cappilaries between arterioles and venules
Arteries: deliever oxygenated blood to body
Muscular artieres: Dervies from the elastic arteries, and are the generic arteries. they are very active in vasoconstriction and they deliver blood to the body organs
Aterioles: The smallest kind of artery, that controls the flow into the capillary beds. They are also called resistance arteries.
Elastic arteries: Thick walked arteries that are large, and act as reservoirs that expands as recoil from the blood being ejected form the heart
veins
carry blood to the heart
Venules are are united cappilaries that form larger veins
venous valves: Prevent backflow of blood and are very abundant
venous sinuses: Very flattened veins that have extremely thin walls
Not really thick walls
Thinner then arteries
Vital signs:
respiration rate: The amount of breathes someone undergoes in a minute, as it indicated if breathing rate is normal, low, or high.
BP: blood pressure is taken to Calclute someone’s blood pressure as it allows us to know if someone is to low or high
Systemic: This is the indicator of the pressure exerted on blood vessels. Its number sits around an average 120.
Diastolic : This indicates the pressure in arteries when the heart rest between beats. Its average number is around 80.
Pulse: Pulses can be taken at multipe points in out body. It indicates our hearts rhythm. A normal pulse is around from 60 to 100 bpm.
ABO and blood types
B- blood: This blood type contains B antigens. It is able to receive blood from people with O- blood and B- blood. It can give blood to people with B+, AB+, B-, and AB- blood.
O- blood: This blood type contains no antigens and can be given to anybody who needs blood being known as the universal donor. It contains no antigens what so ever, and this makes it only able to receive blood from people with O- blood.
B+ blood: This blood type has B type antigens. This blood type is able to receive blood from people with O+, O-, B+, and B- minus blood. This person is able to give blood to people with B+ blood and AB+ blood.
O+ blood: This blood type contains no antigens. It can only recieve blood from people with O+ blood and O-. It can give people with O+, A+, B+, and AB+ blood.
A- blood: People with this blood type are pretty rare. This blood type contains A antigens with not much Rh antigens. People with A+, AB+, A-, and AB- blood can receive it , while it can only receive blood from people with O- and A-/
AB- blood: Peopld with AB- blood contain both A and B antigens. It is able to recieve blood from people with O-, A-, B-, and AB- blood. It can give blood to people with AB- and AB+ blood.
A+ blood: This blood type means the blood contains type A antigens and Rh antigens. A person with this blood type is able to receive blood from a person with A+ , O+, O-, and A- blood. They are able to give it to O- blood type, and the AB+.
AB+blood: this blood contains both A and B antigens. It is known as the universal reciever, as it is able to recive blood from all types. it can only give blood to people with AB+ blood.
The blood flow through the heart
The right atrium : The blood enters through the suprior vena cava, and then enters the right atrium . Once it enters through the the right atrium it then goes through the tricuspid valve.
The tricuspid valve: The blood then foes through the tricuspid vlave in which it prevents backflow of the blood from occuring.
The right ventricle: After the blood goes through the tricuspid valve it then enters the right ventricle.Then the blood will go through the pulmonary valve.
The pulmonary valve: After the blood exits the right ventricle, it then passes through the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary insures that backflow won’t occur.
The pulmonary artery: The pulmonary artery carries the blood before it enters the lungs. the blood prepares to become oxygenated as it goes through the lungs.
The lungs: Ater the blood enters the lungs, the blood become oxygenated. The blood becomes oxygenated to prepare supplying the whole body with blood. Oxygenated blood is needed to supply the whole body.
the pulmonary veins: The pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood and prepare the blood to enter the whole body.
Bicuspid valve: After the blood enters the bicuspid valve it prepares to inter the left ventricle. The bicuspid valve prevents backflow from occuring.
the left atrium: The blood then passes through the third chamber of the heart. The left atrium is thick and very strong meant to support the big amounts of oxygenated blood.
The left ventricle: After the blood passes through the bicuspid valve, it enters through the left ventricle. The left ventricle is much more stronger then the right atrium suited for the oxygenated blood.
The aortic valve: The last precaution before the blood enters the aorta. Like other valves this valves prevents backflow from occuring.
The aorta: The biggest artery of the heart as it shoots the blood through the whole body. The oxygenated blood goes through the whole body and the blood process starts over again after this.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system:
Anemia: Blood has low amount of oxygen, being to low to be able to support the metabolism. Symptoms include, fatigue, pallor, and the chills.
Blood doping: the use of EPOs increase hemocrit which allows for better performance. It could lead to heart failure, clotting, and stoke.
pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. It causes abnormal heart pumping, and excess fluids leaking into the pericardial space.
Heart attack: This occurs when the coronary vessels are blocked causing for heart failure.
Congestive heart failure: The CO levels are so low, that cirriuation is inadequate. Clogged arteries occur with the fat buildup.
Congestive heart failure: This occurs when high blood pressure is Persistant, and the myocardium has to exert more force.
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate
Bradycardia: abnormally slow heart rate
Varicose veins: Dialated and painful veins occur because of leaky veins
Hypotension: This results when you have low blood pressure 90/60 and it is not usually a concern.
Major functions of the circulatory system: The circulatory is what allows our body to properly function
Pulmonary circuit: The pulmonary circut is what gives out blood its oxygen. Through the heart process, the pulmonary valve and the wo pulmonary vessels work alongside the lungs to give the blood oxygen. CO2 gets out of the blood while oxygen gets put into the blood
Systemic circuit: The systemic circuit is what supplies the entire body with blood. The lower and upper body ge filed and provided with oxygen through the blood. The systemic circut utilizes the left side of the heart as it is much more stronger and durable then the right .
Coronary circulation: This circulation provides blood for the heart itself. Coronary arteries and veins in the heart work to give the heart blood itself.
cardiac cycle and the ECG:
Sinoatrial node: Peacemaker of the heart in right atrial wall,causing for impulse spreads across the atria.
Atriventricular node: Inferior interartial septum
Artioventricular bundle: Superior to the interventricular septum and is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles.
Electrocardiography: can detect electrical currents that the heart generates
ECG: a graphic recording of the electrical activity, generating the action potentials at a given time
P wave: Depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization and atrial depolarization
T-wave: Ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Layers of the heart: The layers of the heart that proteas and seperates the heart externally and internally
The Myocardium: The middle layer of the heart that allows for the heart to keep pumping properly. It allows for the hear to continusly keep pumping normally
Endocardium: The innermost part of the heart that specifically maintains the heart's blood flow. It lines the valves all throughout the heart.
Epicardium: The outermost layer of the heart that protects the heart and allow for it to develop and grow properly.
Major components and functions of the blood: The blood transfers oxygen and nutrient to our lungs and tissues, and fight off foriegn substances
RBCs: Red blood cells is what gives the blood its color. It is the majority of our blood and it provides oxygen to all organs throughout our body. RBCs are also known as erythrocytes, that give our body energy.
White blood cells: make up less then RBCs in our blood
Eosinophils: their main function is to be moved into inflamed areas and kill cells. They mainly moderate inflammatory responses.
Basophils: These WBCs protect our blood from cancer cells. They monitor the cells, making sure the early cancer cells made get killed off immediatly. They also realize histamine in granules.
Neutrophils: They make up the majority of all white blood cells, and they are what fight bacteria. They kill and digest it fighting off forigen diseases in our body.
monocytes: These WBCs are immune cells that are made in our bone marrow. They remove the dead killed cells and make sure our immune system is in check.
Lymphocytes: These WBCs produce the antibodies of out blood. They kill bacteria, and viruses that enter our bodies.
Major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery and vein: Is what gives the heart itself blood to function
Superior and vena cava: Carry deoxygenated blood though the heart starting the blood process.
Aorta: Major artery of the body, its the artery that shoots blood all throughout out body that is oxygenated
Arteries of the upper body: these arteries are what give our brains the blood needed to function
Arteries of the lower half of out body: Give our lower half of out body the ability to function properly
Veins of the upper body: Collect the deoxygenated blood of the body and send it to the heart to recive oxygen again
Veins of the lower half of the body: The veins of the lower half collect deoxygenated blood from out legs and send it to the heart to be oxygenated