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ENERGY IN THE CELL - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Glucose: the preferred energy source for brain cells and is broken down in muscle cells for energy.
    - - a molecule that carries energy within the cell
      - functions as an immediate source of power (energy) for cell processes
      - One molecule of ATP contains 3 covalently linked phosphate groups, which store potential energy in their bonds.
      - Energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell when ATP is hydrolysed.
        
        hydrolysis of ATP --> ADP + Pi
      - Cellular respiration uses energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi (via oxidation).
    - - Glycolysis
        
        occurs in the cytoplasm
      - the Krebs cycle
        
        occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
      - the electron transport chain
        
        occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrial envelope
  - - - takes place in the cell cytoplasm
      - only involves glycolysis
        
        glycolysis
        
        anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the cytosol
        
        breaks down glucose (6-C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
        
        produces hydrogen carriers (NADH) from an oxidised precursor (NAD+)
        
        produces a small yield of ATP (net gain of 2 molecules)
      - 2 types
        
        alcoholic
        
        glucose --> lactate + 2 ATP molecules
        
        in animal muscle cells
        
        lactic acid fermentation
        
        glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP molecules
      - takes place without the presence of oxygen
      - purpose: to restore stocks of NAD+ which is the molecule needed for glycolysis
    - - requires oxygen
        
        utilizes oxygen to completely break down glucose in the mitochondria for a larger ATP yield
        
        the 6-carbon glucose is broken down to 6 CO2 molecules
        
        each step of breaking down yields potential energy, which can be converted into ATP in the electron transport chain.
      - gives a large yield of ATP from oxidation of glucose
        
        because all the 4 steps of cellular respiration are completed
        
        most of the energy contained in a glucose molecule can be harvested and converted into ATP.
      - occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
      - pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and a large amount of ATP is produced. (34-36 molecules)
      - glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + large amount of energy
- - - - chloroplasts: tiny organelles in plant or algae cells where photons (the fundamental particle of light) are captured.
    - - chlorophyll
        
        green pigment found in photosynthetic organisms that is responsible for light absorption
        
        when chlorophyll absorbs light, it releases electrons which are used to synthesize ATP
        
        absorbs light most strongly in blue and red
        
        reflects light most strongly in greeen
    - - action spectrum: shows the efficiency of photosynthesis or rate of photosynthesis achieved over the various wavelengths of light from the visible spectrum.
        
        indicates the overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light
      - absorption spectrum: shows which wavelength of visible light is absorbed by a particular photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll a or b measured by a spectrometer
        
        indicates the wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment
    - - 6CO2 + 12H2O (light, Chlorophyll) --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
      - Carbon Dioxide + water (light, Chlorophyll) --> glucose + oxygen + water
  - - - 2H2O + photons --> 4e^- + 4H^+ + O2