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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, Respiratory Zone, Respiratory Membrane, image
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Consists of the respiratory conducting zone
- Respiratory zone:
- Site of gas exchange (inside the lungs)
- Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
- Conducting zone:
- Conducts for air to reach the sites of gas exchange
- Includes all other respiratory structures (e.g. nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
- Respiratory muscles - diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation
(We don't have muscles expiration, but we have muscles for full expiration)
Accessory Muscles ( starts when needed only )
- sternocleidomastoid
- serratus Anterior
- Scalene muscles
- Diaphragm - supply by phrenic nerve that originates c3, c4, c5 if there's damage to this nerve it will have diaphragmatic palsy that difficulty to breath
- Inspiration is ACTIVE most is the job done by diaphragm also the external intercostal that moves the ribs up and the sternum forward
- Expiration Quietly; passive from elastic recoil, the muscles of inspiration relax. If extra effort is needed other muscle come in to play; the muscles of abdominal wall and the internal intercostal wall they pulled the ribs down and sternum pulls backward.
External respiration
- exchange of gasses between the air filling from alveoli and the blood in the capillaries ( oxgen and carbondioxide na nang gagaling sa blood papunta palang sa alveoli nasa labas palang siya ng borderline ng lungs
Internal respiration
- exchange of gasses between the blood and the capillaries and the tissues in the bodies kaya lahat ng mga different part ng body (e.g. liver, kidney, also in heart, brain. Kaya yung gasses na sinusupply ng ating blood to different tissue called internal respiration
Inspiration - wherein the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, dun sila nag cocontract the diaphragm contracts to the rib cage.
- lungs being stretched like pulmonary volume and air volume they are increasing all volume that in our lungs increase during inspiration
- Air flow sa loob ng lungs to the intrapleural pressure sa pinaka loob ng alveoli, bronchioles alveolar ducts to the last portion.
Expiration - kung saan mga inspiratory muscles as well diaphragm relax.
- gasses goes out to the lungs hanggang maubos sa intra pulmonal pressure, alveoli hyllus ilalabas hanngang external environment
- pagbawas ng mga intrapulmonary volume yung mg troracic cavity na nag dedecreased
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- to supply the body with the oxygen and disposed of carbon dioxide
- Respiratory - four distinct processes must happen
- Pulmonary Ventilation - moving air into and out of the lungs
- External Respiration - gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
- Transport - transport the oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
- Internal respiration- gas exchange between systematic blood vessels and tissues
MAJOR PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- there are 3 major parts the Airway, Lungs and Muscles of Respiration
- AIRWAY includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body's exterior
- LUNGS act as the functional units of the respiratory system by passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of thebody
- MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work together to act as a pump, pushing air into and out of the lungs during breathing
Nasal Area
The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first sections of the body's airway.Vestibule - nasal cavity superior to the nares
Vibrissae - hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air
- Olfactory mucosa
- Lines the superior nasal cavity
- Contains smell receptors
- Respiratory mucosa
- Lines the balance of the nasal cavity
- Glands secrete mucus containing lysosome and defensins to help destroy bacteria
Functions of Nasal Mucosa and Conchae
- During inhalation the conchae and nasal muscosa
- Filter, heat, and moisten air
- During exhalation these structures:
- Reclaim heat and moisture
- Minimize heat and moisture loss
Mouth
- also known as the "oral cavity", is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract
- oral cavity can be used to supplement or replace the nasal cavity's functions when needed :
- also known as " throat ", is a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx
- Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the:
- Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
- Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
- Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
- also known as " voice box " is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea
- attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
- continuous with the trachea posteriorly
- three functions of larynx are:
- To provide a patent airway
- to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
- To function voice production
- trachea or windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax
- main function of the trachea is to provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs
- flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum
- composed of three layers;
- MUCOSA - made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
- SUBMOCOSA - connective tissue deep to the mucosa
- ADVENTITIA - outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- Carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
- Air reaching the bronchi is:
- Warm and cleansed of impurities
- Saturated with water vapor
- Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs
- Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
- Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
- as conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur:
- Cartilage support structures change
- Epithelium types change
- Amount of smooth muscles increases
- Bronchioles
Consists of cuboidal epithelium
have a complete layer of circular smooth muscles
Lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
Respiratory Zone
- defined by the presence of alveoli: begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
- Approximately 300 million alveoli:
- Account for most of the lungs volume
- Provide tremendous surface area for gas exhange
Respiratory Membrane
- This air-blood barrier is composed of:
- Alveolar and capillary walls
- Their fused basal laminas
- Alveolar walls:
- are a single layer of type I epithelial cells
- Permit gas exchange by simple difussion
- Secrete angiotension converting enzyme ( ACE)
- Type II cells secrete surfactant
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