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Research Design - Coggle Diagram
Research Design
Popular Research Designs
Case research is an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings over an extended period of time. Data may be collected using a combination of
interviews, personal observations, and internal or external documents.
Focus group research is a type of research that involves bringing in a small group of subjects at one location, and having them discuss a phenomenon of interest for a period of 1.5 to 2 hours.
Secondary data analysis is an analysis of data that has previously been collected and tabulated by other sources. The limitations of this design are that the data might not
have been collected in a systematic or scientific manner and hence unsuitable for scientific research
Action research assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing interventions or “actions” into those phenomena and observing the effects of those actions.
Field surveys are non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables or treatments, but measure these variables and test their effects using statistical methods.
Ethnography is an interpretive research design inspired by anthropology that emphasizes that research phenomenon must be studied within the context of its culture.
Experimental studies are those that are intended to test cause-effect relationships in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time, administering the cause to one group of subjects but not to another group (“control group”), and observing how the mean effects vary between subjects in these two groups.
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Improving Internal and External Validity, can be accomplished in four ways
The elimination technique relies on eliminating extraneous variables by holding them constant across treatments, such as by restricting the study to a single gender or a single socioeconomic status.
In the inclusion technique, the role of extraneous variables is considered by including them in the research design and separately estimating their effects on the dependent variable, such as via factorial designs where one factor is gender
In manipulation, the researcher manipulates the independent variables in one or more levels and compares the effects of the treatments against a control group where subjects do not receive the treatment.
The randomization technique is aimed at canceling out the effects of extraneous variables through a process of random sampling if it can be assured that these effects are of a random (non-systematic) nature.
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