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The Respiratory System, Oral cavity/Mouth, Ribs, Nasal Mucosa &…

- - - - moving air into and out of the lungs
    - - gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
    - - transport of O2 & CO2 between the lungs and tissues
    - - gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
- - - - approximately 300 million alveoli
    - - Respiratory Membrane / alveolar wall / capillary wall
        
        single layer of type I epithelial cells
        
        Permit gas exchange by simple diffusion
        
        Secrete angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
        
        Type II cells secrete surfactant
        
        increase surface area of the alveoli
        
        found in liver - increase blood pressure
        
        fused basal laminas
- - - - main muscle for respiration
      - recoil ability / recoil elasticity
      - inspiration (contracts) = flattens
        
        lungs expands = air enters lungs until intrapleural pressure (alveoli, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, etc)
        
        pulmonary volumes = increase
      - expiration (relaxes)
        
        lungs contract = air exits
        
        thoracic volume decreases
      - supplied by the phrenic nerve (C3, C4 & C5)
        
        diaphragmatic palsy
    - - inspiration is active (muscles actively contract for it to happen)
        
        Muscles of Inspiration
        
        External Intercostals
        
        attached to the ribs
        
        directed forwards and downwards
        
        contract = move up
        
        Accessory Muscles
        
        Sternocleidomastoid
        
        Serratus Anterior
        
        Scalene
        
        any part of the chest muscles
        
        Pectoral muscles
        
        transverse thoracic muscles and etc.
    - - such as
        
        coughing
        
        forced exhale
      - expiration passive (lungs are elastic thus have recoil ability when it stretches)
        
        Muscles of Expiration
        
        quiet => passive
        
        Internal intercostals
        
        downwards and backwards
        
        depress the ribs
        
        Abdominal muscles
        
        rectus abdominis
        
        external & internal obliques
        
        pull the ribs down
        
        increase intraabdominal pressure - elevates the diaphragm
        
        transverse abdominis
- - - - nasal conchae / cavity
        
        Middle
        
        Inferior
        
        Superior
        
        form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body's airway.
        
        Vestibule
        
        nasal cavity superior to the nares
        
        space for big amounts of air
        
        Vibrissae
        
        hairs that filter coarse particles (boogers) from inspired air
        
        Olfactory mucosa
        
        smell receptors (olfactory nerve)
        
        Lines the superior nasal cavity
        
        Respiratory mucosa
        
        Lines the balance of the nasal cavity
        
        Glands secretes mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help destroy bacteria.
    - - nasopharynx
      - oropharynx
      - laryngopharynx
      - muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx
      - Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the
        
        Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
        
        Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
      - Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae
    - - short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea
      - provide the patent airway
      - attaches to the Hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
      - continuous with trachea posteriorly
      - to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
      - and to function in voice production
    - - connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax.
      - Main function: provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
      - Flexible and mobile tube
      - contains - stratified columnar epithelial cells
      - 3 Layers:
        
        Mucosa
        
        goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
        
        Adventitia
        
        Outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
        
        Submucosa
        
        connective tissue deep to the mucosa
    - - Carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
        
        bifurcation of trachea up until the bronchi
      - air reaching the bronchi:
        
        warm and cleansed of impurities
        
        saturated with water vapor
      - subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe (lobar) of the lungs. - segmental - bronchioles
      - 23 order of branching
    - - tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
      - As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur:
        
        cartilage support structure change
        
        epithelium types changes
        
        amount of smooth muscles increase
      - Bronchioles:
        
        cuboidal epithelium
        
        have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle
        
        lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
        
        terminal bronchiole
        
        respiratory bronchiole
        
        alveolar duct
        
        alveolar sac
        
        alveolum
  - - - alveoli
      - alveolar ducts
      - hilus
      - passing O2 into the body and CO2 out of the body