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RAPPORT MANAGEMENT THEORY (Spencer-Oatey, 2008) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - SOCIAL EXPECTANCIES: fundamental social entitlements that a person effectively claims for himself/herself in his/her interaction with others.
        
        consideration
        
        behavioral appropriateness
        
        fairness
    - - EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF ROLES AND POSITIONS
        
        EQUALITY-INEQUALITY
        
        DISTANCE-CLOSENESS
        
        *RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE ROLE RELATIONSHIP
      - BEHAVIORAL CONVENTIONS, STYLES AND PROTOCOLS
      - CONTRACTUAL/LEGAL AGREEMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS
    - - EQUITY: a fundamental belief that we are entitled to personal consideration from others, so that we are treated fairly.
        
        COST-BENEFIT
        
        the belief that costs and benefits should be kept roughly in balance through the principle of reciprocity
        
        the extent to which we are exploited or disadvantaged
        
        AUTONOMY-IMPOSITION
        
        the extent to which people control us or impose on us
      - ASSOCIATION: a fundamental belief that we are entitled to social involvement with others.
        
        INTERACTIONAL INVOLVEMENT-DETACHEMENT
        
        the extent to which we associate with people, or disassociate ourselves fro them (eg. entitlement to social chit-chat, not being ignored or overwhelmed)
        
        AFFECTIVE INVOLVEMENT-DETACHEMENT
        
        the extent to which we share concerns, feelings and interests
        
        variation according to
        
        sociocultural norms
        
        personal preferences
        
        nature of the relationship
  - - - transactional wants
      - relational wants
  - - - FACE: a positive social value that a person effectively claims for himself by the lines others assume he has taken.
        
        Positive personal/relational/social values
        
        competence
        
        reputation
        
        honour
        
        dignity
        
        sense of worth
        
        identity
        
        personal
        
        group
        
        relational
        
        status
        
        respect
- - - - concerns the DISOCURSE CONTENT and DISCOURSE STRUCTURE of an interchange
        
        TOPIC MANAGMENT
        
        PERSONAL TOPICS
        
        exclusion
        
        inclusion
        
        TOPIC CHOICE
        
        ORGANIZATION AND SEQUENCING OF INFORMATION
        
        PHATIC TALK
    - - concerns the procedural aspects of an interchange
        
        INCLUSION/EXCLUSION OF PEOPLE PRESENT
        
        USE/NON-USE OF LISTENER RESPONSRES
        
        non-verbal
        
        verbal
        
        TURN-TAKING
        
        INTER-TURN PAUSES
        
        TURN-TAKING RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
        
        OVERLAPS
    - - concerns the stylistic aspects of an interchange
        
        genre-appropriate LEXIS and SYNTAX
        
        genre-appropriate TERMS OF ADDRESS or HONORIFICS
        
        TONE
        
        joking
        
        serious
      - COMMUNICATION STYLE: manner of language use that exhibits clusters of co-occurring features.
        
        all aspects of language use and interational behavior can be reflected in the style
        
        CHOICE OF SYNTAX
        
        PROSODY AND PARALINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR
        
        PAUSING
        
        PITCH
        
        TONE OF VOICE
        
        PACING
        
        LOUDNESS
        
        INTONATION
        
        STRESS
        
        CHOICE OF VOCABULARY
        
        NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR
        
        3 DICHOTOMOUS OPTIONS for COMMUNICATION STYLES
        
        ASSOCIATIVE EXPRESSIVENESS-RESTRAINT (Spencer-Oatey, 2008)
        
        overlaps with
        
        INVOLVEMENT-INDEPENDENCE (Scollon and Scollon, 1995)
        
        IMMEDIACY: EXPRESSIVNESS-DISTANCE (Andersen et al. 2002)
        
        POSITIVE POLITENESS-NEGATIVE POLITENESS (Brown and Levinson, 1987)
        
        DIRECTNESS-INDIRECTNESS
        
        PRAGMATIC INFERENTIAL
        
        COMMUNICATIVE STRENGTH: the extent to which a message is clear or ambiguous in the particular CONTEXT in which it is uttered.
        
        CONVENTIONALITY has a major impact on judgements of communicative strength
        
        INTERPERSONAL
        
        BLUNTNESS: the extent to which the message is MITIGATED.
        
        a blunt/bold message is more direct than a cushioned message
        
        through
        
        3 more items...
        
        LINGUISTIC
        
        EXPLICITENESS-IMPLICITENESS
        
        an explicit message is more direct than an implicit one
        
        EXPLICITENESS is the extent to which a message is coded UNAMBIGUOUSLY in the words that are chosen.
        
        SELF-ENHANCEMENT-SELF-EFFACEMENT (Ting-Toomey, 1999)
        
        SELF-EFFACEMENT: emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations, modest talk, and the use of self-deprecation concetning one's efforts or performance.
        
        SELF-ENHANCEMENT: emphasizes the importance of boasting about one's accomplishements and abilities.
        
        people's choices of communication style influence INTERACTIONAL ETHOS
        
        the affective quality of interaction characteristic of members of a society (Brown and Levinson, 1987:243)
    - - concerns the non-verbal aspects of an interchange
        
        BODY MOVEMENTS
        
        POSITION
        
        GESTURES
        
        POSTURE
        
        PROXEMICS
        
        EYE CONTACT
        
        MIMICS
    - - what Brown and Levinson (1987) deal primarily with
      - concerns the rapport-threatening/rapport-enhancing implications of performing SPEECH ACTS
  - - - DEGREE OF DIRECTNESS-INDIRECTNESS
        
        see: 2008: 24-25
        
        see more: COMMUNICATION STYLES
      - TYPE AND AMOUNT OF UPGRADERS/DOWNGRADERS
        
        UPGRADERS increase the force of a speech act
        
        DOWNGRADERS reduce or weaken the force of a speech act
        
        whether the use of upgraders/downgraders improves or worsens social relations depends on the speech act concerned
        
        see: 2008: 26
      - SELECTION OF SPEECH ACT COMPONENTS
        
        HEAD ACT
        
        conveys the main ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE of the utterance
        
        ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS
        
        see: 2008: 24-25
    - - 4 CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES
        
        2. MESSAGE CONTENT
        
        COSTS
        
        TIME
        
        IMPOSITION
        
        EFFORT
        
        INCONVENIENCE
        
        RISK
        
        BENEFITS
        
        CONVENIENCE
        
        TIME
        
        FINANCIAL COST
        
        social interactions: a sense of indebtedness and for balancing (favors and offences)
        
        3. SOCIAL/INTERACTIONAL ROLES
        
        help specify rights and obligations
        
        limits: teacher asking for chalk vs asking for coffee
        
        influence power and distance
        
        the legitimacy of a directive depends partly on the nature of the role relationship and partly on the specific content of the message
        
        1. PARTICIPANT RELATIONS
        
        POWER
        
        EXPERT
        
        COERCIVE
        
        LEGITIMATE
        
        REFERENT
        
        DISATNCE
        
        SOCIAL SIMILARITY/DIFFERENCE
        
        FREQUENCY OF CONTACT
        
        LENGTH OF ACQUAINTANCE
        
        FAMILIARITY
        
        SENSE OF LIKE-MINDEDNESS
        
        POSITIVE/NEGATIVE AFFECT
        
        in many cultures, power and distance co-occur (British) or may be unrelated (Chinese)
        
        face-management norms are number-sensitive
        
        influence of the number of people present
        
        4. ACTIVITY TYPE
        
        KEY ELEMENTS
        
        DEGREE OF ADHERENCE TO GRICEAN MAXIMS
        
        DEGREE OF ADHERENCE TO INTERPERSONAL MAXIMS (Leech, 1983, POLITENESS MAXIMS)
        
        ALLOWABLE CONTRIBUTIONS
        
        TURN-TAKING AND TOPIC CONTROL
        
        GOALS OF PARTICIPANTS
        
        MANIPULATION OF PRAGMATIC PARAMETERS
        
        COMMUNICATIVE GENRES: historically and culturally specific conventions and ideals according to which speaker compose talk or texts and recipients interpret it (Günthner, 2007:129).
        
        patterns in each 5 domains
      - PRAGMATIC PRINCIPLES AND CONVENTIONS
        
        1. SOCIOPRAGMATIC PRINCIPLES
        
        self-politeness: the display of self-confidence and/or individuality (Ruhi, 2006, in Spencer –Oatey, 2008:41)
        
        SOCIOPRAGMATIC INTERACTIONAL PRINCIPLES (SIPs) (2008:41)
        
        value-laden
        
        evaluative
        
        descriptive, prescriptive and proscriptive at the same time
        
        levels
        
        two high-level SIPs that feed into people’s perceived sociality rights and obligations
        
        association-disassociation
        
        2 more items...
        
        equity
        
        2 more items...
        
        lower-level SIPs
        
        styles of interaction
        
        2 more items...
        
        For effective rapport management, the concerns of both the self and other need to be taken into consideration (2008:41)
        
        Leech (1983)'s politeness maxims
        
        APPROBATION
        
        MODESTY
        
        GENEROSITY
        
        AGREEMENT
        
        TACT
        
        SYMPATHY
        
        2. PRAGMALINGUISTIC CONVENTIONS
        
        the conventions of strategy use which affect how a given pragmatic meaning is conveyed in a given context
      - 4 TYPES OF RAPPORT ORIENTATION
        
        2. RAPPORT MAINTENANCE ORIENTATION: a desire to maintain or protect harmonious relations between the interlocutors.
        
        preservation of rapport and handling of rapport-threatening behavior, the aim is to minimize such threats by selecting appropriate rapport-management strategies
        
        3. RAPPORT NEGLECT ORIENTATION: a lack of concern or interest in the quality of relations between the interlocutors.
        
        no interest in rapport
        
        concern about own face needs, sociality rights and obligations
        
        focus on task matters (eg. urgency, emergency)
        
        1. RAPPORT ENHANCEMENT ORIENTATION: a desire to enhance or strenghten harmonious relations between the interlocutors.
        
        positive change in the rapport
        
        eg. friendship, romantic relationship
        
        4. RAPPORT CHALLENGE ORIENTATION: a desire to challenge or impair harmonious relations between the interlocutors.
      - RAPPORT ORIENTATION
        
        People's rapport orientations are not available for open inspection. Unless people talk about them explicitly, they can only be inferred from their choice of rapport management strategies
        
        two fundamental orientations
        
        support of one’s own face needs, sociality rights and obligations
        
        support of the other’s face needs, sociality rights and obligations
        
        COMMUNICATION ACCOMODATION THEORY
        
        OUTGROUP ORIENTATION
        
        CONVERGENT ORIENTATION
        
        INTERGROUP ORIENTATION
        
        DIVERGENT ORIENTATION
- - - - eg. appropriate degree of unsolicited help to a stranger
    - - eg. saying thank you for someone's help
- - - - PRAGMALINGUISTIC CONVENTIONS
      - FUNDAMENTAL CULTURAL VALUES
      - SOCIOPRAGMATIC PRINCIPLES
      - INVENTORY OF RAPPORT MANAGMENT STRATEGIES
      - CONTEXTUAL ASSESSMENT NORMS