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The effect of age on second language acquisition - Coggle Diagram
The effect of age on second language acquisition
Harley and Hart 1997, p.391
Children outperform adults in:
Acquiring accent 2. Basic interpersonal communicational skills 3. memory
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Flege 1991; Flege and MacKay 2004 Younger starters outperform older starters in different skills, mainly in pronuncation. it is because of long exposure which leds to ultimate attainment
Krashen, Long and Scarcella 1979 Young learners have an ultimate attinment advantage because in the long term attainment they got superior proficency level, sometimes to be found native-like.
Snow1978 supports the view that most children were ultimately more successful than adults in SLA but they were not always faster
Coppiieter 1987; Scovel 1988; Johnson and Newport 1989. held the view that the earlier the children learn second language, the easier it seems to be.
PLLT Brown Because of subconcious effort to th language learning task Children are considered to be effortless SLLs and superior for adults in their eventual success
Lenneberg 1967 While children who were exposed to second language at their early age seem to be proficent like native speakers, some adolescents or adults who start to learn second language later would fail to achieve Language fluency.
Ruyan Hu 2016 It is a good idea to strt the foreign language instruction earlier in the school to make children expose to the foreign language learning earlier on their early stage
DeKeyser 2000. p 520; DeKeyser and Larson-Hall 2005. p 101 Implicit learning is slow and requires many years of massive imput and interaction, that only total immersion programm can provide, not a program with a few hours of foreign language classes per week.
Singleton 1989; Singleton and Ryan 2004 ultimate attainment can also be credited to young learners in formal context but it takes more time becouse of scarsity of language input to learners to have access
Torras, Tragant and Garcia 1997, p 142 Children soak up language like sponges. The younger they are, the more they are like sponges, the more they absorb, the more they retain.
Ellis 1986 p107 There is a period whwn language acquisition can take place naturally and efficently, bur after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language in this way.
Birdsong 19999,2014 Critical period for language acquisition entail that age effects operate within a circumscribed period of time, bounded by onset which works and a terminus which works the end of a period of heightened sensitivity to ambient langauge input
Long 1999; Birdsong 2004 in all current version of CPH , native like attainment will not be possible id start of second language acquisition is delayed past a certain critical age.
Bley-Vroman 1989
CPH hypothesis that while the pre-puberty learners will unfailingly be successful, the post-puberty learners will attain native-like proficency with only very rare exceptions.
Long 1990 p. 280 Decline in abilities of SLA is due to incremental losses of neural plasticity due to the brain maturation
Munoz 2006a Older learners have persistent advantage in rate of learning
Herschensohn 2007 p. 141 Older learners will make use of their first language learning strategies to to learn grammar and achieve a good performance than young learners
Harley and Hart 1997 Adults have analytical abilities
PLLT Brown Adults have overt and focal awareness of language forms
Munoz 2006a Instructed settings provide explicit instruction that is suited for adolescent and adults because of their higher level of general cognitive maturity, So adults have superior advantage over young learners in instructed settings. Faster rate of learning Scool instruction better fitted to their capabilities
Krashen, Long and Scarcella 1979 The older starters advances faster in the first stage of process of L2 acquisition, which makes them more efficent learners in the short term. so adults superiority in L2 acquisition is associated with the rate of learning.
Krashen et al. 1979 The older is faster but the younger is better
Bley-Vroman 1998 whras children are known to learn language complitely through implicit mechanisms, adults have largely lost the ability to learn without reflecting on language structure and have to use alternative explicit mechanisms, drawing especially on problem-solving capacities , to learn asecond language.