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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Define the concepts of phonetics and phonology and distinguish phonetics from phonology
Define the concepts of phonetics and phonology
Phonetics
Is a branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds which are utilized by all human languages to represent meaning
It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds, including the discovery of how speech sounds are produced, how they are used in spoken language, how we record sounds with written symbols, and how we hear and recognize different speech sounds.
Is divided into three basic areas of study
Articulatory Phonetics
Acoustic Phonetics
Auditory Phonetics
Phonology
Is the study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a language and the tacit rules governing pronunciation.
It describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning
Distinguish phonetics from phonology
Phonetics
branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds which are utilized by all human languages to represent meaning.
concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech
For example: phonetics deals with how to pronounce the sound /k/ in isolation
belongs to descriptive linguistics
Phonology
the study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a language and the tacit rules governing pronunciation.
describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning
For example: phonology investigates how /k/ is pronounced in different distributions, as /k/ in car /ka:(r)/ and scar /ska:(r)/.
is of theoretical linguistics
Name organs of speech and describe how they work to produce speech sounds
Name organs of speech
the pharynx
the larynx
the velum (soft palate)
the hard palate
the alveolar ridge
the tongue
the teeth
Describe how they work to produce speech sounds
The pharynx: is a tube with a length of about 7 centimeters in women and about 8 centimeters in men, connecting the larynx to the oral cavity, is a part of the throat which extends from the vocal cords up to the soft palate (velum) at the back of the mouth. Changes in the shape of the pharynx affect the quality of sounds produced.
The larynx: manipulates pitch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal cords (vocal folds), which are essential for phonation.
The velum (soft palate): allows air to pass through the nose and through the mouth. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing off the airway. When the soft palate rises up, it closes the airway to the nose and opens the airway to the mouth, and vice versa. The working of the soft palate results in nasal and oral sounds as illustrated in figure
The hard palate: its smooth curved surface can be felt by the tongue. The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds.
The alveolar ridge: is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets of the teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges.
The teeth: which play some important roles in the production of speech, are immediately behind the lips. Sounds produced with the tongue touching the front teeth are called dental. The lips are also important speech organs. They can be pressed together or come into contact with other articulators to produce speech sounds.
Identify voiced and voiceless sounds and explain the mechanism of these sounds
Identify voiced and voiceless sounds
Voiced sounds: the gap between the two parts of the vocal cords is narrow, so the airstream makes the vocal cords vibrate. The sounds produced in this way are called voiced.
Voiceless sounds: the vocal cords are open, which allows much air to go through the vocal cord and the vocal cords do not vibrate. The sounds produced in this way are called voiceless.
Explain the mechanism of these sounds
Voiced and voiceless sounds are produced by the vocal cords. The vocal cords are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus. The vocal cords are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx. When they vibrate, they modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during pronunciation. Whether a sound is voiced or voiceless depends on the working of the vocal cords.