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Alejandra F. De La Torre P:2 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Alejandra F. De La Torre P:2 Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of blood
Major components of blood
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) make up 45% of blood, contains leukocytes and platelets
Buffy Coat (separates plasma and red blood cells)
Plasma 55% of blood
Functions of blood
Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the blood
Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body
White blood cells help fight disease
Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels
ABO, Rh blood types
Most common antigen of the Rh group is Antigen D
If Rh factor (Antigen D) is present on a person's red blood cells the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
Rh blood types include several Rh antigens or factors
2 ways in which Rh-negative individual can contrast with Rh-positive blood: Transfusion or Pregnancy
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies are in the plasma
If Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, the mother will make Anti-Rh antibodies that will attack the blood of their Rh-positive baby
Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Producing anti-Rh antibodies can be prevented by taking the drug, RhoGAM, a type of anti-Rh antibody
Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti B antibodies in the plasma
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Veins transport blood toward the heart
Capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins
Pulmonary circuit carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
The systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells,where it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers,and valves)
Chambers
The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers (Atria) and 2 lower chambers (Ventricles)
Atria receives blood returning to the heart; has thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior
Valves
Tricuspid Valve
Location:Opening between right atrium and right ventricle
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Pulmonary Valve
Location:Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Mitral (Bicuspid) valve
Location: Opening between left atrium and left ventricle
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium ventricular contraction
Aortic Valve
Location: entrance to aorta
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Layers of the heart
Epicardium (Visceral pericardium): the outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decrease friction in the heart
Epicardium (Visceral pericardium): the outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decrease friction in the heart
Endocardium: the inner layer: made up of connective tissue and epithelium: continuous with the endothelium of major vessels
Blood flow through the heart and body
Blood flow proceeds proceeds in a continuous circle
Two circuits for blood flow exchange gas
Pulmonary circuit is the blood flow between the heart and lungs
Systemic circuit is the blood flow between the heart and body tissues
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (Arteries, veins, capillaries)
Arteries
Structure: Thick and strong wall, and elastic connective tissue
Function: Transport blood from the heart to the arterioles
Capillaries
Structure: Single layer of squamous epithelium
Function: Allow nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluids.
Veins
Structure: Veins have thinner walls than arteries
Function: Transport blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart
All 3 have different structures and functions
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle is when blood pressure rises and falls
ECG is the recording of the electrical changes that occurs during a cardiac cycle
Pwave: The first wave, corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; repolarization of the atria occurs during QRS complex
T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization and leads to ventricular relaxation
Major blood vessels (Arteries and veins)
Arteries
Common carotid artery provides the main blood supply to the neck and head
Brachial artery is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the upper arm and elbow joint
Ulnar artery is a artery on the thoracic aorta
Radial artery supplies blood to the forearm
Subclavian artery is located below the clavicle
Axillary artery is located under the armpit
Common iliac artery runs through the lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limbs
Femoral artery is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the lower body
Anterior tibial artery runs through the leg
Veins
Internal jugular vein is in located in the neck
Brachiocephalic vein touches the internal jugular vein
Superior vena cava helps drain deoxygenated blood from the neck and head area
Deeper veins run along the arm
Brachial vein
Ulnar vein
Radial vein
Internal iliac vien is located in the pelvis
Common iliac vein is located in the abdomen
Femoral vein is a deep vein which is the largest blood vessel of the thigh
External jugular is located in the neck
Subclavian vein is located on the side of the neck
Axillary vein is located in the lower border of the armpit
Superficial veins that are located in the arm
Cephalic veins
Basilic vein
Inferior vena cava transports deoxygenated blood
External iliac vein passes through the pelvis and the lower leg
Great Saphenous vein is the largest vein of the human body, it is located in the thigh
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure can be measured by listening to a pulse
Pulse locations
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior
Dorsalis
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION (HEART ATTACK)
Description: Blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked
Causes
Blood clot
Obesity
lack of excercise
age/sex
Symptoms
chest pain
dizziness
shortness of breath
Treatment options
open heart surgery
lifestyle changes
coronary bypass
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (PAD)
Description: Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Causes
Family history
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Obsesity
Smoking
Symptoms
leg and arm pain
weak pulse
hair loss on arms and legs
Treatment options
Medication
Lifestyle changes
Bypass surgery
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)
Description: Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Causes
Aneurysm
High blood pressure
Diabetes
age/race
Symptoms
confusion
memory loss
severe headache
Treatment options
blood thinner
Physical therapy
Surgical intervention
ENDOCARDITIS AND MYOCARDITIS
Description: Inflammation of heart
Causes
Recent surgery
Heart valve damage
Allergic reaction to medication
Allergen
Symptoms
Chest pain
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Fever
Treatment options
Antibodies
Reduce activity
Medication
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Description: Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth
Causes
Atrial septl defect (ASD)
Ventricular septl defect (VSD)
Tricuspid atresia
Symptoms
Cyanosis common
May be asymptomatic
May cause death
Treatment options
Medication
Surgical intervention
Some abnormalities may heal on their ownj