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Cardiovascular system Matillda Garcia P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular system Matillda Garcia P.2
major components and functions of blood
Granulocytes
are twice the size of RBCs and cytoplasmic granules are present
Neutrophil: a nucleus with two to five lobes and their cytoplasmic granules stain light purple in neutral stain. Phagocytizes small particles
Eosinophil: bilobed (2 lobs) nucleus and CG stains red n acid stain. Kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
Basophil: Bilobed nucleus and CG stains blue in basic stain. Releases heparine and histamine
Agranulocytes
CG are present
monocyte: 2 to 3 times larger than RBC, nucleus shape varies from spherical to lobed. Phagocytizes large particles
Lymphocyte: slightly larger than RBC, nucleus nearly fills cells. Provides immunity
WBCs (leukocyte)
white blood cells destroy pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and also removes worn out cells
Platelets (Thymbocytes)
cellular fragment which helps control loss from broken vessels
RBCs (erythrocytes)
red blood cells with bioncave shaped discs that are without a nucleus that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
ABO, RH blood types
ABO
Type A: Has A antigens on RBL membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type B: has B antigens on Rbl membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB: both A and B antigens and has neither type of antibodies in Plasma. considered a universal recipient
Type O: doesn't have antigen A or B but has both types of antibodies in the plasma. Considered a universal donor
The blood types are given based on the antigens, Antigen A and B
RH
Either contains Antigen D or it doesn't
RH+ has antigen D
RH negative doesn't contain the antigen
there are no corresponding antibodies in the Plasma
BUT if RH negative has physical contact with RH + then anti- RH antibodies will develop
Two ways anti-RH antibodies development can occur is transfusion and pregnancy
Major functions of cardiovascular system
a closed circuit that includes the heart and blood vessels like arteries, capillaries and veins
supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste from them. Is vital to the human body
There is oxygen poor blood in our body and it is carried by the pulmonary circuit to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and drops of carbon dioxide
there is also oxygen rich blood which is sent to all body cells by the systemic circuit and it picks up the carbon dioxide
Anatomy of the heart
valves
tricupsid: prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during the ventricular contraction and it is located in the opening between the right atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary: prevents blood from moving the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation and it's located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk
Mitral (bicupsid): prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during the ventricular contraction and located in the opening between the left atrium and ventricle
aortic: prevents blood from moving from the aorta to the left ventricle which occurs during ventricular relaxation and is located at the entrance of the aorta
chambers
the heart has 4 chambers
there are 2 upper chambers which are known as atria
there are 2 lower chambers called ventricles
the atria receives blood that is returning to the heart, the atria has thin walls and ear-like auricles that project from the exterior
ventricles are thick muscles that pump blood out of the heart
Layers of the heart
the heart has three layers
Epicardium which is the most outer which decreases heart friction. It is a serous membrane that is made of connective tissue and epithelium
Myocardium: the middle layer of the heart which pumps blood out of the heart chambers. It consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart which is made up of connective tissue and epithelium. It continues wit endothelium of major vessels which joins the heart
blood flow
there are two circuits for blood flow
pulmonary circuit which is the blood flow between the heart and the lungs
systemic circuit which is the blood flow between the heart and body tissues
blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle
oxygen poor blood returns to the right atrium through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
when the right atrium contracts it forces blood through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right atrium contracts the tricupsid valve closes and forces blood through the pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk and the arteries
the pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs then enters alveolar capillaries which is the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs, that is where blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
oxygen rich blood flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
the left atrium pumps blood through the mitral valve which goes into the left ventricle and while the left ventricle contracts the mitral valve closes which causes the aortic valve to open and pump blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of the body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
arteries
arteries transport blood away from the heart. They are strong, elastic vessel that carries high pressured blood. Arteries become smaller as they start to divide.
they consists of three layers
Tunica interna which is the most inner endothelial layer and is composed of simple squamous epethlium. This creates a smooth surface which prevents the formation of clots
Tunica media is the thick middle layer which is made of smooth muscle
Tunica externa is the outer most connective tissue layer, is thin and attaches to surrounding tissues
capillaries
the wall is a single layer of squamous epithelium
allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluid
connects ateriole to a venule
veins
have a thinner wall than arteries
some veins have flap like valves
transports blood from a venule to the heart under relatively low pressure
cardiac cycle and ECG
an ecg is the recording of electrical changes that happen during a cardiac cycle
components of ECG
P wave: the first wave that corresponds to the depolarization of the atria and this leads to the contraction of the atria
ORS complex: correspond to the depolarization of ventricles and leads to ventricle contraction.
T wave: respond to ventricular repolarization and leads to ventricular relaxation
Major blood vessels
artery
a thick strong wall with three layers. transports blood under high pressure from the heart to aterioles
Arteriole
Thinner wall than an artery but also has three layers. It connects an artery to a capillary and helps control blood flow into a capillary
Capillary
a single layer of squamous epithelium which allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid
venule
thinner wall than an ateriole and connects a capillary to a vein
vein
thinner wall than an artery and transports blood under relatively low pressure
vital signs
BP
the force blood exerts against the inner wall of blood vessels
exist all through the cardiovascular system
refers to systemic arterial pressure
Pulse
the vibrations of heart tissues as valves close
a "lubb-dupp" sound
Lubb (first heart sound) occurs when ventricles contract and AV valves are closing
Dupp (second heart sound) occurs as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing
Disorders
heart attack
heart failures
anemia
abnormal heart rhythms
Arrhythmia