Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cardiovascular Tania Torres P.1 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular Tania Torres P.1
Major components and functions: Blood
plasma
straw-colored sticky fluid
90 percent H2O
100 dissolved solutes
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes. proteins, inorganic ions
most abundant solutes
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
small- diameter cells- contribute gas transport
Function
RBCs dedicated respiratory gas transport
Hb- O2 (connect)
Erythropoiesis
formation red blood cells
occur red bone marrow
Leuokocytes: white blood cells
formed element, complete cell nuclei and organelles
1 % total blood volume
function: defense against disease
leave capillaries
move- tissue spaces
Granulocytes
visible cytoplasmic granules ( neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Neutrophils
pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
Basophil
nucleus, purplish- black cytoplasmic granules
Agranuloctyes
not visible (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Lymphocyte(small)
large spherical nucleus, think rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Monocyte
kidney-shaped nuclues, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
platelets (thrombocytes)
fragments larger megakaryocyte
blood clotting
function:
temporary platelet plug- helps seal breaks- blood vessel
formation regulated thromobopoieth
Hemostasis
fast series reactions- stoppage of bleeding
clotting factors and substances released- platelets and injured tissues
Step 1: Vascular Spasm
smooth muscle contracts, vasoconstriction
Step 2: Platelet plug formation
Platelet: injury- endothelium lining- vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers, platelets adhere - release chemicals- sticky
Step 3: Coagulation
fibrin proteins- mesh traps RBCs and platelets forming clot
heart
chambers
Right atrium
receives blood returning- systemic circuit
Left atrium
receives blood returning- pulmonary circuit.
Right ventricle
pumps blood- pulmonary circuit
left ventricle
pumps blood- systemic circuit
valves
ensure unidirectional (1 way) blood flow- heart prevents back flow of blood
Atrioventricular (AV)
located
between atria and ventricles
2 AV valves prevents backflow- atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid
right AV valve
made up- two cusps and between atria and ventricle
Chordae Tendinae
anchor cusps AV valves- papillary muscles
function
hold valve flaps closed position
prevent flaps everything- atria
Function
Blood returning to heart fills atria, pressing against AV valves, increases pressure, forces AV valves open
ventricles fill, AV Valve flaps hang limply- ventricles
Atria contract, forcing increase blood- ventricles
Ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps
Valve closes
Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten,preventing valve flaps everything to atria
Semilunar valves
located
between ventricles and major arteries
prevent backflow major arteries- ventricles
open and close response- pressure changes
Pulmonary semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar valve
located between left ventricle and aorta
Function
Ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises , blood pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing open
Ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure deceases blood flow back to arteries, filing cusps semilunar valves and forcing close
Mitral valve
left AV
2 cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
base
toward right shoulder
apex
points toward left hip
Layers of heart
Pericardium
double-walled sac (surrounds heart, 2 layers)
Parietal
lines internal surface fibrous pericardium
visceral
external surface heart
Epicardium
visceral layer-serous pericardium
Myocardium
circular/ spiral bundles contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
innermost layer, continuous- endothelial lining blood vessels
Blood Flow
R Atrium
Tricuspid valve
left ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
R/L lungs
Pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
upper/lower body
superior vena cava
r. atrium
Major Blood Vessels
delivery system dynamic structures begins and ends at heart
work with lymphatic system circulate fluids
Arteries:
carry blood away from heart, oxygenated except pulmonary circulation and vessels of fetus
Elastic arteries
act pressure reservoirs expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart
Muscular arteries
deliver blood- body organs
Arterioles
control flow- capillary beds- vasodilation and vasoconstriction muscle
Capillaries:
direct contact with tissue cells, serve cellular needs
Veins:
carry blood to heart, deoxygenated except pulmonary circulation and vessels fetus
capillaries unite- form postcapillary venules
consist endothelium
few pericytes
allows WBCs and fluids to tissue
Cardiac cycle and ECG
Electrocardiogram
graphic recording electrical activity
complete All action potentials at given time, not tracing single AP
Electrodes placed various points- body measure voltage differences
Main features
P wave:
depolarization SA node and atria
QRS complex:
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave:
ventricular repolarization
P-R interval
beginning atrial excitation- beginning ventricular excitation
S-T segment
entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval
beginning ventricular depolarization- ventricular repolarization
Disorders
Heart mummur:
abnormal heart sounds heard- blood hits obstructions
Arrythmias
irregular heart rythms uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions
fibrillation
rapid, irregular contractions of the heart- useless pumping blood, circulation- cease may result brain death
Varicose Veins
dilated and painful veins due- incompetent (leaky) valves
tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
Bradycardia
heart rate slower
Congestive heart failure
progressive condition, blood circulation inadequate meet tissue needs
Pericarditis
inflammation- pericardium, excess fluid leaks- pericardial space compress heart pumping
thromboembolic
undesirable clot formation
Infectious mononucleosis
highly contagious seen in young adults
Leukemias
cancerous, overproduction abnormal WBCs
Hemorrhagic anemia
rapid blood loss
chronic hemorrhagic anemia
slight, persistent blood loss
Thalassemias
RBCs thin, delicate, and deficient
Sickle-cell anemia
mutated HB, O2 levels low
Anemia
blood low O2, capacity too low- support normal metabolism
ABO, Rh blood types
blood groups
based presence/ absence 2 agglutinogens (A & B) surface RBCs
blood may contain performed anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Vital signs
Blood Pressure (BP)
force per unit area exerted wall blood vessel- blood
expressed mm Hg
measured systemic arterial BP- large arteries near heart
Systemic Blood Pressure
pumping action- heart generated blood flow
systemic pressure highest in aorta and declines pathway
steepest drop- arterioles
Arterial Blood Pressure
systolic pressure
pressure exerted aorta- ventricular contraction
left ventricle
pumps blood- aorta, kinetic energy stretches aorta
diastolic pressure
lowest level aortic pressure heart at rest
Pulse
difference pulse pressures felt under skin
measuring
systemic arterial BP- measured indirectly- auscultatory methods
Wrap cuff around superior- elbow
increase of blood pressure- cuff until exceeds systolic pressure- brachial artery
Pressure released slowly, examiner listens sounds with stethoscope
systolic
less than 120 mm Hg
pressure sounds 1st occur- blood starts spurt artery
diastolic
less than 80 mm Hg
pressure sounds disapear artery no longer constricted, freely
pulse and blood pressure, along respiratory rate, and body temperature
taking pulse
radial pulse (taken: wrist)
most used, other clinically- pulse points
Pressure points
areas arteries close- body surface
compressed- stop blood flow event of hemorrhaging