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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :black_flag:, LARYNX, RESPIRATORY ZONE, PHARYNX,…
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LARYNX
- also know as voice box
- short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea
- attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx
- continuous with the trachea posteriorly
3 functions:
- provide a patent airway
- act as switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
- voice production
RESPIRATORY ZONE
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
- this air-blood barrier is composed of:
- alveolar and capillary walls
- their fused basal laminas
Alveolar walls:
- are a single layer of type 1 epithelial cells
- permit gas exchange by simple diffusion
- secrete angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
- type II cells secrete surfactant
- defined by the presence of alveoli, begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar tracts. then to terminal clusters sacs composed of alveoli
Approx 300 million alveoli:
- account for most of the lungs volume
- provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange
PHARYNX
- also known as throat
- is a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx
- funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly, larynx and esophagus inferiorly
- extends from the base of the skull to the level of 6th vertebra
TRACHEA
- windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax
- to provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs
Composed of:
- mucosa: goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
- submucosa: connective tissue deep to mucosa
- Adventitia: outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartlage
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CONDUCTING ZONE
BRONCHI
- carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks at the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
- Air reaching bronchi is: warm and cleansed of impurities, saturated with water vapor
- bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs
- air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
Bronchial Tree
- tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
- as conducting tubes becomes smaller, structural changes occur
- cartilage support structures change
- epithelium types change
- amount of smooth muscles increases
BRONCHIOLES:
- consists of cuboidal epithelium
- have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle
- lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
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NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
Nasal area
the nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body's airway
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Olfactory mucosa: lines the superior nasal cavity, contains small receptors
Respiratory mucosa: lines the balance of the nasal cavity, glands secrete mucus containing hysozyme and defensins to help destroy bacteria
ORAL CAVITY
MOUTH
- also known as oral cavity
- secondary external opening for the respiratory tract
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MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION:
- Internal Intercostals - downwards and backwards. depressed the ribs by abdominal muscles: rectus abdominis, obliques, transverse abdominis
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