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Cardiovascular Hiepsy Barrientos Anat/ Phys Honors Period 6 - Coggle…
Cardiovascular Hiepsy Barrientos Anat/ Phys Honors Period 6
Major components and functions of Blood
Regulation: Maintaining body temp. by absorbing and distributing heat and Maintaining a normal pH by using buffers
Protection: Preventing blood loss (plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation), Preventing infection (Antibodies, Complement proteins, white blood cells)
Transport: delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells, transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination, and transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.
Blood Plasma: straw-colored sticky fluid (about 90% water)
55% of whole blood, least dense component
Formed elements are Erthrocytes RBCs, Leukocytes WBCs, and platelets
Bufft Coat: Leukocytes and platelets; <1% of hwole blood
Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood (hematocrit); most dense component
Erythrocytes: small-diameter cells that contribute to the transport of gasses and nutrients: has biconclave disc shape, anucleate (can not grow or divide), and little-to-no organelles; filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
Function of Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are dedicated to respiratory gas transport; contain hemoglobin (hB) which binds reversibly with oxygen (o2)
Production of Erythrocytes: Hematopoiesis is foration of all blood cells. Erythropoiesis is the formation of Red Blood Cells.
ABO, Rh blood types
Blood tranfusions: Cardiovasculae system minimizes effects of blood loss by : 1: reducing volume of affected blood vessel. 2: stepping up production of RBCs
Transfusing Red Blood Cells: - ABO blood groups: Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs); blood may contain performed Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies (Agglutinins)
Blood Group
AB
AB
None
A, AB, B, O (Ubiversal recipient)
B,O
Receiving Blood
A,O
O "universal donor"
Anti-A
Anti-B
Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins)
Anti A , Anti B
B
A
None
RBC Antigens
B
A
O
Anatomy of the heart
The heart is a transport system consisting of two side-by-side pumps
The left side receives
oxygenated
blood from the lungs and is responsible for pumping blood to the body and its tissues via the systemic circuit
Systemic circulation: Long loop that runs to all parts of the body and back to the heart
Blood returning to the heart is delivered via terminal systemic veins, such as the superior/inferior vena cavae, in addition to the coronary sinus
Heart pumps blood out to system via single systemic artery
Receiving chambers of the heart: Left atrium- Receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit (left)
Pumping Chambers of the heart: Left ventricle- Pumps blood through systemic circuit (left)
The right side receives
deoxygenated
blood from the tissues, pumping blood to the lungs to eliminated the CO2 and pick up fresh O2 via the pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary circulation: Short loop that runs from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart
Receiving Chambers of the Heart: Right atrium- Receives blood returning from the systemic circuit (right)
Pumping Chambers of the Heart: right ventricle- Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit (right)
Chambers
Ventricles: The discharging chambers; forms most of the heart's volume; actual pumps of the heart and has thicker walls than atria
Left ventricle: Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body), Posteroinferior surface
Trabecular carneae: Irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Right ventricle: Most of anterior surface, Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
Papillary muscle: Anchor chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves
Atria: The receiving chambers; small, thin-walled chambers contribute little to propulsion of blood
Right atrium: Receives
deoxygenated
blood from the body
Superior vena cava: Returns blood from body regions
above
the diaphragm
Coronary sinus: Returns blood from the coronary veins
Inferior vena cava: Returns blood from the body regions
below
the diaphragm
Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Auricles
There are two major types of valves
Atrioventricular Valves (AV): Prevent backflow atria when ventricles contract
Biscuspid (Left AV Valve, Mitral Valve): Made up of two cusps and lies between the left atria and ventricle
Tricuspid (Right AV Valve): Made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
Heart valves: Ensure unidirectional (one-way) blood flow through the heart--prevents back flow of blood; open and close in response to pressure differences
Semilunar Valves (SL): Prevents backflow from major arteries back into ventricles, Located between ventricles and major arteries, Open and close in response to pressure changes; each valve consists of three cusps that roughly resemble a half-moon
Aortic Semilunar Valve (Left SL Valve): Located between left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (Right SL Valve): Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular: Pumping, receiving, and transporting blood to the various cells in the body
Functions of blood
Regulation: Maintaining body temp. by absorbing and distributing heat and Maintaining a normal pH by using buffers
Protection: Preventing blood loss (plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation), Preventing infection (Antibodies, Complement proteins, white blood cells)
Transport: delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells, transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination, and transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.
Layers of heart
Covering of the heart: Pericardium- Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart; comprised of two layers
Visceral Layer (Epicardium) on external surface of heart
Parietal Layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Layers of the heart wall
Endocardium: Inner most; is continuous with endothelium lining of blood vessels
Myocardium: Circular and spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscles cells
Epicardium: Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pathway of Blood Through Heart
Right side of heart
Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), and Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
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Left side of heart
Four Pulmonary Veins
Left atrium
Mitral Valve
Left ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
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Vascular system
Systemic circulation: Long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart, Blood returning to heart is delivered via terminal systemic veins (superior and inferior vena cavae) and the coronary sinus.
Pulmonary Circulation: Short loop that runs from the heart to lungs, and back to the heart
Coronary circulation: Functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
Coronary arteries: Both left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart; heart receives 1/22 of body's blood supply
Right coronary artery: Supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle; has two branches
Posterior Interventricular Artery
Right Marginal Artery
Left coronary artery: Supplies intreventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle; has two branches
Coronary veins: Empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins
Cardiac Veins collect blood from capillary beds, Great Cardiac Vein of anterior interventricular sulcus, Middle Cardiac Vein in posterior interventricular sulcus, Small Cardiac Vein from inferior margin
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Structure of Blood Vessels: All vessels consist of a lumen, a central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall
Walls of all vessels, except capillaries, have three layers, or tunics
Capillaries: Endothelium with sparse basal lamina
Tunica Externa: Innermost layer is in "intimate" contact with blood
Subendothelial Layer: Connective Tissue (CT) basement membrane; found only in vessels larger than one mm
Endothelium: Simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels
Tunica Media: Middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscles and sheets of elastin; bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining both blood flow and blood pressure
Sympathetic vasometer nerve fibers innervate this layer
Vasodilation: Increased lumen diameter
Vasoconstriction: Decreased lumen diameter
Tunica Interna (Tunica Adventitia): Outermost layer; composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall, anchoring it to the surrounding structures
Blood Vessels
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels with diameters so small only a single Red Blood Cell (RBC) can pass through at once
Function: Exchange of gasses, nutrients, wastes, and hormones between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillaries found in serous membrane of intestinal mesentaries have two additional features that form a special arrangement of capillaries
Precapillary Sphincter: Acts as a valve regulating blood flow into the capillary bed
Vascular Shunt: Channel that directly connects aterioles and venules (bypasses true capillaries)
Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
Formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
Venous sinuses: Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Venous valves: Prevent backflow of blood; most abundant in veins of limbs
Venules: Capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules- Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes; very porous allowing fluids and White Blood Cells (WBCs) into tissues
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells; covered by all three tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries
Tunica Media is thin, whereas Tunica Externa is thick
Blood pressure lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure return of blood to heart
Arteries: Blood Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Muscular Arteries (Distributing Arteries): Elastic Arteries give rise to Muscular Arteries; also called distributing arteries because they deliver blood to body organs; account for most of named arteries; active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles (Resistance Arteries) (smallest of all arteries): Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasconstriction of smooth muscle; also called resistance arteries because changing diameters changes resistance to blood flow
Elastic Arteries: Thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen, Acts as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart
Cardiac cycle and the ECG:
Mechanical Events of the Heart
Diastole: Period of heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle
Blood flow through the heart during the span of one complete heartbeat
Atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole; cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes; mechanical events follow electrical events see on ECG
Systole: Period of heart contraction
Electrocardiography
Electrocardiograph: Detects electrical currents generated by the heart
Electrocardiograph (ECG/EKG): Graphic reading of electrical activity; composite of all action potentials (AP) at given time (not a tracing of a single AP); electrodes are placed at various points on body to measure voltage differences
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: Ventricular repolarization
P wave: Depolarization of the SA node and atria (Atrial Depolarization)
T wave: Beginning of atrial excitation - to beginning of ventricular excitation
P-R interval: Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: Beginning of ventricular depolarization - through ventricular repolarization
Sequence of Depolarization and Repolarization of the Heart Related to the Deflection Waves of an ECG Tracing
3.) Ventricular depolarization begins at the apex, causing the QRS Complex. Atrial repolarization occurs
4.) Ventricular depolarization is complete
2.) With atrial depolarization completed, the impulse is delayed/pauses at the atrioventricular (AV) node
5.) Ventricular repolarization begins at the apex, once again, causing the T Wave
1.) Atrial depolarization initiated by the SA Node, causes the P Wave
6.) Ventricular repolarization is completed
Normal and Abnormal ECG Tracings
Second-Degree Heart Block: The AV Node fails to conduct some AV Node impulses
As a result, there are more P Waves than QRS Waves; initiates tracing, there are usually two (2) P waves for each QRS
Junctional Rhythm: The SA node is nonfunctional
P Waves are absent; AV Node paces the heart at 40-60 bpm
Normal Sinus Rhythm: Normal ECG Trace (Sinus Rhythm)
Ventricular Fibrillation: Electrical activity is disorganized; APs erratically occur throughout the ventricles
Chaotic, grossly abnormal ECG deflections; seen in heart attacks/after electrical shock
Electrical Events of the Heart and Set-Up
Heart depolarizes and contracts without nervous system stimulation, although rhythm can be altered by the autonomic nervous system
Setting the Basic Rhythm: Intrinsic Conduction System
Intrinsic Conduction System: Network of noncontractile (autorhythmic) cells; initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate depolarization and contraction of the heart
Sequence of Excitation
Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall; impulse spreads across atria, and to the AV Node
Atrioventricular (AV) Node: In inferior interatrial septum
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle: In superior interatrial septum; only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Right and Left Bundle Branches: Two pathways in interventricular septum; carry impulses towards the apex of the heart
Subendocardial Conducting Network (Purkinje Fibers): Complete pathway through the inter ventricular septum, into the apex, and to the ventricular walls
Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System and Action Potential (AP) Succession During One Heartbeat
1.) The sinoatrial (SA) node/pacemaker generates impulse(s)
2.) The impulse pauses (0.1s) at the atrioventricular (AV) node
3.) The atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
4.) The bundle branches conduct impulses through the interventricular septum
5.) The subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
Major blood vessels (arteries and veins)
Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood towards heart
Superior Vena Cava
Subclavian Vein
Jugular Veins
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Axillary Veins
Axillary Vein
Deep Veins
Ulnar Vein
Radial Vein
Basilic Vein
Superficial Veins
Cephalic Vein
Brachial Vein
Inferior Vena Cava
Common lliac vein
Deep Veins
Femoral Vein
Superficial Veins
Great Saphenous Vein
Internal lliac Vein
External lliac Vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Jugular Veins
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Axillary Vein
Deep veins
Ulnar Vein
radial Vein
Basilic Vein
Superficial Veins
Brachial Vein
Cephalic Vein
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Aortic arch
Aorta
Superior half
Left common, Carotid Artery
Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Subclavian Artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
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Brachiocephalic Trunk
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Inferior half
Descending aorta
Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Common Illiac Artery
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Ascending Aorta
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure: Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Expressed in mm Hg; measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart
Systemic Blood Pressure
Pumping action of heart generates blood flow; systemic pressure is highest in aorta and gradually declines throughout pathway
Steepest drop occurs in arterioles
Venous Blood Pressure: Changes little during cardiac cycle; low pressure of venous side requires adaptations to help with venous return
Respitory pump: Pressure changes during breathing moves blood towards the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
Sympathetic Venoconstriction: Under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back towards the heart
Muscular pump: Contraction of skeletal muscles "milks" blood back towards the heart; valves prevent backflow
Arterial Blood Pressure
Diastolic pressure: Lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Pulse: Throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under the skin
Systolic pressure: Left ventricle pumps blood into aorta, imparting kinetic energy that stretches out aorta; averages 120 mm Hg in normal adult
Purpose of blood pressure regulation: keep blood pressure high enough to provide adequate tissue perfusion, but not too high that blood vessels are damaged
Vital signs: Pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature
Blood flow: Volume of blood flowing through vessels, organs, or entire circulation in given period
Disorder of cardiovascular
Cardiovascular system
Mechanical events of the heart/ herat sounds
Cardiac Output
Intrinsic Conductyion system
Defects in intrinsic conduction system may cause
Fibrillation: Rapid, irregular contractions
Irregular heart rhythms
Capillary exchange
Coronary circulations
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Prolonged coronary blockage; areas of cell death are repaired with non contractile scar tissue
Angina pectoris: Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium; cells are weakened
Regulation of blood pressure
Coverings of heart
Cardiac Tamponade: Excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space; can compress heart's pumping ability
Treatment: Fluid is drawn out of cavity (usually with a syringe)
Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium
Veins
Circulatory system
Erythrocytes
Anemia: Blood has abnormally low O2; carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
Signs of Problem rather than disease itself
Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills
there are three groups which can be causing these
Not enough RBCs (being) produced
Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also by low iron intake or impaired absorption; Treated by Iron Supplements
Too many RBCs being destroyed
Thalassemias: A blood disorder which causes blood to carry less than normal amount of Hb, thus less air
One globin chain is absent or faulty; Red Blood Cells are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
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Sickle-Cell Anemia: Mutated hemoglobin; Red Blood Cells become sickle-shaped when O2 levels are low
Misshaped Red Blood Cells rupture easily and block small vessels
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Blood Loss
Hemorrhagic Anemia: Rapid blood loss; treated by blood loss
Chronic Hemorrhagic Anemia: Slight but persistent blood loss; primary problem must be treated to stop blood loss
Polycythemia
Hemostasis
Thromboembolic Disorders: Result in undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorder: Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
Erythropoises Regulation
Artificial EPO (Blood Doping): Use of EPO increases hematocrit (Erythrocyte%), allowing both stamina and performance
Blood becomes sludge-like and can cause clotting, stroke, and or/ heart failure
EPO can increase hematocrit from 45% to 65% with dehydration concentrating blood even more
Leukocytes
Infectious Mononucleosis: Highly contagious viral disease ("kissing disease")
Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
Results in high number of typical agrunolyocytes
Symptoms: Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
Usually seen in young adults
Leukemia(s): Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal White Blood Cells (WBCs); usually involve clones of single abnormal cell
Named accordingly to abnormal White Blood Cell (WBC) clone involved