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Imperialism
The colonial empires in 1914
British empire begun to establish control in strategic locations such as
Malta
Ceylon
Gibraltar
Maldives
Britain's maritime hegemony allowed it to extend its area of influence
In 1877, Queen Victoria of England was crowned Empress of India.
The French Empire was not as extensive as the British Empire.
as Great Britain and France, other countries also had colonies in Africa.
Portugal colonised Angola and Mozambique.
Germany colonised South-West Africa (Namibia), Togo, Cameroon and Tanzania.
Portugal colonised Angola and Mozambique.
Spain colonised the north of Morocco, part of the Sahara (Rio de Oro) and Equatorial Guinea.
The United States extended its influence in Latin America. They didn't allow the European countries to colonise there.
Japan focused its attention on Korea and Manchuria.
Russia, after it was defeated by the Japanese, abandoned Manchuria and concentrated on Siberia and Central Asia.
The Occupation and administration of the colonies
During the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, colonisation by European powers, except for in America,
was limited to an exchange of goods with the indigenous population.
(1870–1914), the colonising powers wanted complete political, economic and territorial control of their colonies.
There were three stages in the colonisation.
Political and administrative control
Organisation of the colonial economy
Occupation by conquest
Each colony had a specific value for the colonising country.
Settler colonies had a socio-economic value.
Protectorates were areas of strategic interest.
Exploitation colonies had economic value.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF IMPERIALISM
Imperialism had important political, economic, demographic, social and cultural consequences.
Political
because of their strategic and economic value, became the scene of political rivalry between the colonising powers for dominion of territories,
Economic
The colonists displaced the indigenous tribes from their land to establish their single crop plantations
Indigenous artisan crafts could not compete with the colonists' manufactured products, and gradually disappeared
Infrastructure such as ports and railways focused on importing and exporting products.
The world economy was organised unequally because the exploitation of valuable resources
Demographic
The pressure of population growth in colonising countries, especially in European countries,
The population in the colonies increased because of the decrease in mortality rates due to improvements in hygiene and health
vaccinations were introduced by the colonising countries
Social and cultural
Social and racial segregation developed because the colonists considered themselves superior to the indigenous people.
The colonising countries imposed Western culture
The Causes
Imperial expansion was mainly a result of the rise of finance capitalism.
Germany and Great Britain got industrialized
Other reasons for the development of imperialism.
For European countries, colonies were a symbol of international prestige
They controled strategic locations
The growth of population and the machinery caused a lot of unemployment
To avoid social conflict some goverments encouraged emigration
Scientific progress required geographic expeditions
people believed in the supremacy of white people
The colonial empires
United States and Japon colonised most of
Asia
Oceania
Africa
The largest empires belonged to France and Great Britain
Other industrialised countries began building their empires (1870-1914)
Colonial tension and conflicts
Anti-colonial protests
In the colonies and colonising countries, protest movements arose against colonialism.
In colonising countries, socialist parties protested against what they considered unjustified abuse.
In some colonies, the indigenous people revolted against European exploitation
International conflict
At the Berlin Conference (1884–1885), the European countries interested in controlling the Congo
The Fashoda Incident (Sudan,1898) between the British and the French
The Boer War (1899–1902): the British wanted to gain control of the area of the Cape, in South Africa
The boxer rebellion
During the first half of the 19th century, the Europeans, after winning the Opium Wars, signed various treaties with China
In 19th and 20th century...
The objective was political control and economic exploitation of the colonies.
a number of developed countries took control of other regions and lands all over the world.
These lands became colonies
Explorers of new territories
Explorers and missionaries were the first to enter the new territories.
They were sent by their governments and helped establish their country's influence in the areas they explored.
