Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Concept 08: cardiovascular system Viriahelyn Calvillo P:6 - Coggle…
Concept 08: cardiovascular system
Viriahelyn Calvillo
P:6
Major components and functions of Blood
Transport:
Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
maintaining body temp. by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal ph using buffers ; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
maintain adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection:
preventing blood loss
plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection
agents to immunity are carried in blood
antibodies
complemnet proties
white blood cells
Composition of blood:
blood is the only fluid tissue in body
Types of connective tissues
matrix is non living fluid called plasma
cells are living blood cells called formed elements
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBC's)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs
platelets
spun tube of blood yields three layers:
erythrocytes on bottom (45% whole blood)
Hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBC's
WBC's and platelets in Buffy Coats (<1%)
thin, whitish layer between RBC's and plasma layers
plasma on top (55%)
Blood plasma
straw colored sticky fluid
about 90% water
over 100 dissolved solutes
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
plasma proteins are most abundant solutes
Albumin: makes up 60% pf plasma proteins
ABO, Rh blood types
based on presence or absenece of two aggulations (A and B) on surface of RBC's
Blood may contain performed anti A or anti B antibodies
Blood groups:
AB
A and B
None
B
B
anti B
A
A
Anti B
O
None (RBC antigens;agglutinogens)
anti-A and Anti-B
Major Functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport:
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Regulation
maintain adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
maintaining body temp. by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal ph using buffers ; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Protection:
preventing blood loss
plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
agents to immunity are carried in blood
antibodies
complement proties
white blood cells
Anatomy of the heart (all chambers and hearts)
Heart is transport system consisting of two side by side pumps
-right side receives oxygen poor blood from tissues
pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, punk up O2, via pulmonary circuit
-left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs
pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit
Receiving Chambers of Heart
Right Atrium
Receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Left atrium
receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Pumping chambers of heart:
Right Ventricle
pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle
receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Size, Location, and Orientation of Heart
approx size of a fist(weights less then 1 pound)
Location: in mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
Base
(posterior surface) leans towards right shoulder
Apex
points towards left hip
Internal Features: Four Chambers
Two Superior atria
Two inferior ventricles
Interatrail Septum: separates atria
Inter ventricular Septum :Separates ventricles
Surface Features:
Coronary Sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
Anterior interventricular sulcus
anterior position of interventricular septum
Posterior interventricular sulcus
landmark on posteriorinferior surface
Atria: the receiving chambers
-small thin walled chambers, contribute little to propulsion of blood
Auricles:appendages that increase atrial volume
Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body
Three veins empty into the right atrium:
superior vena cava:
returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
Coronary Sinus:
returns blood to coronary veins
Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Ventricles: the discharging chambers
make up most of the volume of heart
right ventricle : most anterior surface
Left ventricle : posteriorinferior surface
Trabeculae carnae: irregular ridgesof muscle on ventricular walls
Papillary muscle: project into ventricular activity
anchor cordae tendineae that are attached to the heart valves
thicker walls then atria
actual pumps of heart
right ventricle: pumps blood to pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle: pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body)
Layers of the Heart
Pericardium: double walled sac that surrounds heart, made up of two layers
deep two layered serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral layer on external surface of fibrous pericardium
2 layers separated by fluid filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)
Three layers of the Heart walls
Epicardium:
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium
circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood
-lines heart chambers
Blood flow through the heart and the body
Right side of the heart
Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Left side of the heart
Four Pulmonary veins
Left Atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semi-lunar valve
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
Structural and functional differences between blood vessels types (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Blood Vessels: delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
Arteries: carry blood away from heart
all vessels consist of a lumen, central blood containing space, surrounded by a wall arteries and veins have 3 wall layers
Tunica intima inner most layer, intimate and makes contact with the blood
Tunica Media: middle layer composed mostly of smooth ,muscle and sheets of elastin. Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer. controlling vasocontriction and vasodilation, an increase or decrease in size of lumen, bulkiest layer
Tunica Externa: outermost layer. composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surrounding structures
arteries are only deep
elastic arteries: thick walled with large, low resistance lumen
muscular arteries: deliver blood to the body organs
arterioles (smallest arteries): control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasocontriction of smooth muscle, lead to capillaries
exchanges of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
microscopic vessels
walls just thin tunica intima,one cells is their diameter
capillary bed: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Veins: carry blood toward heart
Formation begins when capillary beds unite in post capillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
veins can be deep and superficial
thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
ECG and Heart conduction
Thesinoatrial node (pacemaker) generates impulses
the impulse pause (.01s) at the atrioventricular AV node
the atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum
the subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricle
Cardiac cycle
blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
cycel represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
mechanical events follow electrical events seen on ECG
systole: period of heart contraction
Diastole: period of heart relaxation
electrocardiogram: a graphic recording of electrical activity
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
s-t segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular depolarization
Major Blood Vessels
Arteries:
neck: common cartoid artery
clavicle: subclavian artery
brachiocephalic artery: first branch of the aorta
aortic arch: between ascending and descending aorta
thoraic aorta part of the aorta above the diaphragm
armpit: axillary artery
brachial artery: artery in forearm
radial artery: found in forearm
ulnar artery: found in forearm
abdominal aorta: part of aorta below diaphragm
common illiac arteries: branch from the aorta and seperate into 2, which deliver blood to lower limbs
femoral artery: artery in thigh
anterior tibial artery in lower leg
Veins:
neck: internal and external jugular vein
brachiocephalic vein
axillary vein
subclavian artery
deep veins of the heart: brachial, ulnar, radial vein
superficial vein: cephalic vein and basilic vein
common illiac vein, separates into internal and external iliac vein
upper leg veins: deep femoral vein. superficial vein: great saphenous vein
Vital Signs (BP and pulse)
Blood pressure: force/unit extended on wall of blood vessel by blood. Regulation keeps BP high enough to provide adequate tissue
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction, less then 120mm Hg
diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest, less then 80 mm Hg, artery is no longer contricted
pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressure, which can be felt under the skin
Vital signs volume of blood flowing through vessels, organs, or entire circulation in given period
venous blood pressure:
muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles, blood back to the heart
respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing over blood towards the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
sympathetic venoconstriction: smooth muscles constrict pushing blood back towards the heart
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Erythocytes Disorders:
Anemia: blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
Bloodloss: Hemographic anemia: rapid blood loss. Chronic hemorrhagic anemia: slight put persistent blood loss
Not enough RBCs being produced iron deficiency anemia: can be caused by mehographic anemia, but also by low iron intake or impaired absorption
Too many RBC's destroyed: thalassemias: one globin chain is absent or faulty. Sickle cell anemia: mutated hemogoblin, RBCs become crescent shaped when O2 levels are low. They rupture easily and block vessels
WBC Disorders
Abnormally low WBC count: Leukopenia
Leukemias cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC's, immature, nonfunctional WBCs flood bloodstream. Cancerous cells fill red bone marrow, crowding out other cell lines
Infectious mononucleosis kissinf disease, Results in high # of typical agranulocytes, lymphocytes become flabby, and myocardium weakens
Hemostasis
Thrombeombolic disorders: results in undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, ex.)Hemophilia
Tachycardia:abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Bradycardia: heart rate slower then 60 beats/min
varicose vein: dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky veins)
Congestive heart failure (CHF) CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
persistent high blood pressure: aortic pressure greater then 90 mmHg causes myocardium to exert more force
multiple myocardial infarcts: heart becomes weak as contractile cells are replaced with scar tissue
Dialated cardiomyopathy (DCM): ventricles stretch and become flabby, and myocardium weakens