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Unit 5 Review - Coggle Diagram
Unit 5 Review
RNA types : mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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What is RNA? RNA is a nucleic acid, which is a polymer of individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases being : Adenine (purine), Guanine (purine), Cytosine (pyrimidine), Uracil (pyrimidine)
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Transcription - Nucleus (location), An enzyme called RNA polymerase will connect complementary RNA bases to DNA. These bases are bonded together to form a single stranded mRNA. DNA is directly involved in Transcription.
Translation - Cytoplasm (location), process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. DNA is not directly involved in Translation.
What is genetic engineering? The production of human insulin; genetic engineering is the process of using quick reproducing capabilities of types of cells to make copies of other specific proteins.
What is recombinant DNA? Recombinant DNA or rDNA are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination so that bacteria can duplicate it; the new material in the bacteria.
How do scientists put a new gene into a plasmid? To put a new gene into a plasmid, scientists cut ends of the plasmid DNA so the human DNA can attach to form a new loop of plasmid DNA ( recombinant DNA )
What is an advantage of using bacterial cells to grow plasmids? Although bacteria has complex genetic material, it has little circles of DNA outside of it that are capable of replicating like chromosomes. The advantage is that bacteria can make many copies of the gene; large amounts.
What is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid, which is a polymer of individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases being : Adenine (purine), Thymine (pyrimidine), Guanine (purine), Cytosine (pyrimidine)
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Gene Expression : Genes are expressed into proteins by two major steps, being, Transcription and Translation.
Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression. A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. DNA in a gene is copied to produce an RNA transcript called messenger RNA
Translation being the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA. After the messenger RNA has carried the transcribed ‘message’ from the DNA to protein-making factories in the cell, called ribosomes; The message is then read by a carrier molecule, RNA.
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How is DNA manipulated? In order to combine the DNA into the organism, a chemical called restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA into fragments, exposing the gene. On either side of the gene is the sticky ends. Those bases form an overhang and are paired to the new DNA. The gene is then spliced to the other organism’s DNA using another enzyme Ligase. If someone wanted a gene without the sticky ends the fragments would be the Blunt ends.