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Gene Expression - Coggle Diagram
Gene Expression
Genetic Engineering
This is done to cause bacteria to make proteins that scientists want. For example, insulin is made by bacteria with plasmids for humans.
Bacteria Transformation
Bacteria have plasmids into them. Before this happens, they have a chemical treatment that makes the cells more permeable. After this, the cells are left to recover, and then the successful transformer cells are isolated from the unsuccessfully transformed cells.
Plasmids
Scientists use the gene of interest and insert it into a plasmid. The plasmid is then entered into bacteria. Plasmids also have anti-biotic resistance that benefits the bacteria.
Central Dogma
Trancription
DNA's instructions are converted into mRNA. This is done because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus and the mRNA can. This lets the DNA's instructions spread to the rest of the cell
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Translation
A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and then starts this process. tRNA brings amino acids and matches to the codons of the mRNA. Once this finishes, a polypeptide chain is produced. The ribosome goes to find another mRNA, the tRNA go to find another amino acid, the polypeptide chain goes to get folded, and the mRNA decomposes
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Makeup of Nucleutides
Nucleotides have a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
RNA
RNA contains Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
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RNA has three forms, tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA. RNA also has a single helix shape
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DNA
DNA contains Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
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Guanine's base pair is Cytosine. These have 3 hydrogen bonds. Adenine's base pair is Thymine (Uracil in RNA). These have 2 hydrogen bonds. Guanine and Adenine are Purines. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are Pyrimidines.
Protein Synthesis
The polypeptide chain is folded and undergoes 3 sometimes 4 stages. Stage one is Primary, this is before the folding and is just a polypeptide chain. Stage two is Secondary which is when there is one fold like an alpha helix or a beta-sheet. Stage 3 is tertiary when there is a combination of folds. This will be a completed protein. Stage four. Quaternary is when proteins combine to form a big protein consisting of various subunits.
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