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Concept Map:Cardiovascular System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco -…
Concept Map:Cardiovascular System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco
Major Components and Functions of Blood
Major Components: Plasma, Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Red Blood Cells (the oxygen-carrying component)
These carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and make up about 40% of the blood's volume.
White Blood Cells (the cells that defend against infection)
These help fight infections and aid in the immune process. Types of white blood cells include:
Monocytes ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against many infectious organisms.
Eosinophils kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses.
Lymphocytes: help protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells, and produce antibodies.
Basophils also participate in allergic responses.
Neutrophils, the most numerous type, help protect the body against infections
1 white blood cell to every 600 to 700 red blood cells.
Plasma (the liquid component)
The liquid component of the blood in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended
Platelets (particles that promote clotting)
These help in blood clotting
1 platelet to every 20 red blood cells
Functions of the Blood
It delivers oxygen and essential nutrients (vitamins) to the body's tissues
It carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and other waste products to the kidneys for elimination from the body.
It transports hormones (chemical messengers) to allow various parts of the body to communicate with each other.
Also, it carries components that fight infection and stop bleeding.
Helps regulating body temperature.
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal
Protects body against diseases and infections
Provides cells with nutrients
Helps in blood clotting and stops bleeding
Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Helps the body maintain a constant body temperature
Maintain balance in the body
Pump blood throughout the entire body
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Common Disorders
Causes:
Diabetes
High Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure
Overweight
Smoking
Coronary artery disease is also called coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease and heart disease.
Symptoms:
Nausea
Chest Discomfort
Feeling tried/Fatigue
Weakness
Dizziness/lightheadedness
Heart Failure: Problem with heart pumping/relaxing functions, which lead to fluid buildup and shortness of breath.
Causes:
Heart Attack
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary Artery Disease
Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Kidney Disease
Stages: Heart failure is a chronic condition that gets worse with time. There are four heart failure stages (Stage A, B, C and D).
Stage B is considered pre-heart failure. It means you have been given a diagnosis but you’ve never had symptoms of heart failure.
Stage C heart failure have a heart failure diagnosis and currently have symptoms of the condition
Stage D have advanced symptoms that don’t get better with treatment. This is the final stage of heart failure.
Symptoms:
Feeling tired
Weight Gain
Shortness of Breath
Swelling of the ankles, legs and abdomen
Rapid/Irregular Heartbeat
Arrhythmia( abnormal heart beat): Problem with your heart which can lead to weird heart rhythms or heart rates.
Symptoms
Dizziness or feeling lightheaded
Shortness of breath
Pounding in the chest
Chest discomfort
Fatigue
Causes
High Blood Pressure
Injury from Heart Attack
Coronary artery disease
Cardiomyopathy (Changes in heart muscle)
Types:
Tachycardia: A fast heart rhythm with a rate of more than 100 beats per minute.
Bradycardia: A slow heart rhythm with a rate below 60 beats per minute.
Layers of the Heart
Myocardium
The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart wall,and it the muscular middle layer wall of the heart.
Epicardium
the outer protective layer of the heart, It is also known as visceral pericardium as it forms the inner layer of the pericardium.
Endocardium
the inner layer of the heart.
Blood flow through the Heart and Body
From the lungs--> Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary Veins--> Left Atrium
Pulmonary Arteries--> Lungs
Left Atrium--> Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Right Ventricle--> Pulmonary Arteries
Bicuspid Valve--> Left Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve--> Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle--> Aortic Valve
Right Atrium--> Tricuspid valve
Aortic Valve-- Aorta
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava--> Right Atrium
Aorta--> Rest of the Body
Body--> Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
ABO RH Blood Types
Four types of ABO groups
Group B: The surface of the red blood cells contains B antigen, and the plasma has anti-A antibody.
Group AB: The red blood cells have both A and B antigens, but the plasma does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Individuals with type AB can receive any ABO blood type.
Group A: The surface of the red blood cells contains A antigen, and the plasma has anti-B antibody.
Group O: The plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but the surface of the red blood cells does not contain any A or B antigens.
Rhesus Factor
If the red blood cells contain the RhD antigen, they are RhD positive. If they do not, they are RhD negative.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Veins
Carries blood under low/negative pressure
Have thin walls, have less muscular tissue than arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood
Less connective tissue than arteries
Carries blood to the heart
Structures
Have valves to prevent back-flow
Thinner wall than arteries
Have wide lumen
Thin outer layer of thin outer elastic fibers
Thin layers with relatively few muscle fibers
Capillaries
Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelium and associated connective tissue.
The smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels
Primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
Form the connection between arteries and veins
Arteries
Have think and elastic walls to pump blood
Has connective tissue which provides strength
Carry blood under high pressure
Carry oxygenated blood
Always carry blood away from the heart
Structures
Thicker wall than veins
Lack valves
Have narrow lumen
Thick outer layer of elastic fibers
Thicker inner layer of circular elastic and muscle fibers
Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers
2 upper chambers (atria)
The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood
2 lower chambers (Ventricles)
The lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump blood out of the heart.
Valves
Tricuspid valve. This valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Mitral valve. This valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It has only 2 leaflets
Aortic valve. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Major blood vessels
Inferior Vena Cava
Returns blood from the lower body regions to the heart
Pulmonary Artery
The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that empties blood into the right atrium of the heart and delivers blood from the head and chest to the heat
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart from the lungs.
Aorta
Large artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the arteries of the body
Coronary Arteries
Right coronary artery
Supplies the right atrium and right ventricle with blood.
Left coronary artery
Supplies blood to the left atrium, side, and back of the left ventricle
Vital Signals (BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure
Normal blood pressure is systolic of less than 120 and diastolic of less than 80 (120/80)
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Pulse
The pulse rate is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the heart beats per minute.
Normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Diastole
Diastole represents the period of time when the ventricles are relaxed (not contracting)
Fills with blood that receives from the veins
Systole
Systole represents the time during which the left and right ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries
Where the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries
A sequence of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to pump blood throughout the body.
ECG: one of the simplest and fastest tests used to evaluate the heart.
An electrocardiogram records the electrical signals in your heart
An EKG can show if your heart is beating at a normal rate and strength
It also helps show the size and position of your heart's chambers