Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
My Blood Pressure Is Through The Roof, image, image, image, image, image,…
My Blood Pressure Is Through The Roof
Hypertension
can be diagnosed by
Accurate BP measurement
is determined by
average of 3 BP readings taken 2 minutes for two weeks
Medical History
Physical Examination
includes
Assessment of Obesity
involves
BMI
Waist-hip ratio
Checking pulse
to rule out
radio-radial delay
radio-femoral delay
Checking for bruits in abdomen and neck
which are
the sound of blood flowing through narrow arteries
Examining legs for any edemas
Checking the thyroid and for distended neck veins
checking the retina
using
fundoscopy
Lab tests
such as
Urinalysis
Blood Chemistry
Fasting Blood Glucose
Serum total Cholesterol
HDL, LDL & non-HDL Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Urinary Albumin excretion
for
diabetic patients
Electrocardiography
includes
complications
in
head and brain
such as
stroke
Hypertensive Retinopathy
heart
such as
coronary artery disease
heart failure
peripheral artery disease
such as
ulcers
gangrene
claudication
kidney failure
can be defined as
mean blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher and/or current use of antihypertensive medication.
classified into
Primary Hypertension
is defined as
high blood pressure that is multi-factorial and doesn’t have one distinct cause, known also as idiopathic or essential hypertension
is caused by
environmental factors
genetic factors
interactions of both
Secondary Hypertension
is defined as
high blood pressure caused by another condition or disease
is caused by
increase production of renin
leads to
Kidney disease
Adrenal disease
can lead to
Pheochromocytoma
Conn’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome
Hyperparathyroidism
Thyroid problems
Coarctation of the aorta
Obstructive sleep apnea
due to
collapsed passages in the upper airways
Medications
Atherosclerosis
defined as
A vessel wall thickening
caused by the accumulation of
intimal smooth muscle cell
proliferation of intimal- smooth muscle cell
fatty streak
starts with
Endothelial Dysfunction
can cause
mast cells invasion
1 more item...
Foam cells formation
1 more item...
fibrose cap formation
1 more item...
monocyte ---->macrophage
1 more item...
Lipoprotein Entry and Modification
1 more item...
Worldwide
26% of the world's population (972 million people) in 2019
Nearly 75% of people with
hypertension live in developing countries
can be treated using
Antihypertensive Drugs
divided into
Beta-Blockers
ends with
"lol"
for example
Metoprolol
divided into
selective
Non-selective
contraindicated in
asthma patients
ACE Inhibitors
end with
"pril"
for example
Captopril
Alpha-Blockers
ends with
"osin"
for example
Prazosin
Diuretics
include
Loop-diuretics
for example
Furosemide
K+ Sparing diuretics
for example
Amiloride
Thiazide
for example
Hydrochlorothiazide
end with
"ide"
Calcium Channel Blockers
divided into
Dihydropyridines
ends with
"dipine"
1 more item...
Non-Dihydropyridines
for example
Verapamil
ARBs
end with
" sartan"
for example
Losartan
in emergency cases
CCBs
such as
Nicardipine
Adrenergic receptors blockers
such as
Esmolol
Vasodilator
such as
Hydralazine
in Qatar
33% of adult population
more in females than males
Anatomy of Arterial System
Divided to
Head
Vertebral arteries
Combine to form
Basilar arteries
That give off
Posterior cereberal arteries
Internal carotid
That give off
Anterior cereberal artery
Middle cereberal artery
Thorax
Supplied by
Anterior intercoastal arteries
A branch of
Internal thoracic arteries
A branch of
Subclavian arteries
Gives off
Pericardiophrenic arteries
1 more item...
Posterior intercoastal arteries
A branch of
Thoracic aorta
Neck
Contains
Common carotids
Which branches into
External carotid
Internal carotid
That continues
To the brain
Vertebral arteries
Which are a branch of
Subclavian arteries
Abdomen and pelvis
Abdominal aorta has
3 unpaired branches
Which are
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Supply
The GIT
Lower limbs
Abdominal aorta divides into
R&L common illiacs
Give off
Internal illiac
External illiac
Becomes
Femoral artery
1 more item...
Upper limbs
Becomes
Subclavian artery
Becomes
Axillary artery
Becomes
Brachial artery
1 more item...
Histology of Arteries
Muscular arteries
Has
Prominent smooth muscles in tunica media with few elastic fibers and collagen
Tunica externa as thick as tunica media
Thinner tunica intima with prominent IEL
Such as
Femoral - brachial - radial arteries
Arterioles
Has
1-3 layers of smooth muscles in tunica media
Thin and underdeveloped tunica externa
Thin tunica intima consiting of endothelium only
Elastic arteries
Has
Thick tunica intima consisting of endothelial cells supported by connective tissue
Thick tunica media with prominent elastice fibers and some smooth muscle and collagen
Tunica externa made of collagen and vasa vasorum
Such as
Aorta and its branches
Pulmonary trunk and arteries
Hemodynamics
Blood flow
is determined by
Vascular resistance
Pressure gradient
Velocity
Cross section area
is defined as
Quantity of blood
Types
Laminar
Re < 2000
Turbulent
Re> 3000
Resistance
is determined by
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessels length
BV diameter
Pulse pressure
is
SBP - DBP
Depends on
SV / Compliance
Blood pressure
Defined as
Force that produced against BV walls
Depends on
CO
TPR
BV
Blood pressure Regulation
is by
Baroreceptors
classified based on location
Arterial baroreceptors
divided into two
Aortic Arch
together
will work on multiple Centers located in the brain stem to regulate the change in blood pressure
1 more item...
Carotid sinus
Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors
Kidney regulation
Through
Release of Renin
