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Factors influencing the formation of youth cultures, Media influence -…
Factors influencing the formation of youth cultures
Aries (1962): youth = relatively new idea - only since end of WW2 and in many countries today children are still an active part of the workforce
Adorno (1941): youth took their identity from the media
Media plays role in informing youth of new trends through social media & advertising
McRobbie (1978): magazines influential in informing girls about norms & values expected of them
Frazer (1987) argued that girls laugh at the magazine content and don't take it seriously
Economic Changes:
After 1945, high employment and youth able to retain own money to spend on fashion and media
they started to be able to consume media
lewis (1978): rebuilding of the country lead to increase in employment - youth then had disposable income to spend on records and clothes e.g teddy boys
Globalisation:
Youth now more exposed to other cultures and have adopted them to create lots of cultural hybridisation
People have access to cheap consumer items made in LEDCs - trends can be replaced quickly
Emily Mariko - salmon rice bowl trend (Japanese culture)- globalisation and media influencing
Postmods would argue that there is a new type of youth culture: Neo-tribes formed due to globalisation and based on consumerism
Luke and Luke (postmodernist): American culture has had a large influence on youth around the world e.g Friends has been shown in 100 countries
Social Class(marxists):
Wilmott (1969): idenitfied diff adolescent behaviours based on class position & social attitudes
Miller (1958): some criminal yc based on working-class attitudes
Cohen & Clarke (1976): linked class rebellion to dev of yc e.g skinhead style was exaggerated form of wc dress
Brake (1985): wc youth found yc to be
magical solution
to inequality in soc - made them feel they could do something with their lives
Ethnicity
Bennett (2000): suggested immigration (link to globalisation) has introduced new styles to youth e.g tattoos and asian cultural style, been adopted by many youth
Hybrid cultures combine UK pop style and minority ethnic style e.g Brasian style - known as fusion cultures
Gilroy (1987): Rastafarian culture became political & social movement as well as religious belief - adopted to as solution to racism and exclusion from British soc in 70s
Sewell (1997): black carribean boys have culture of bad behaviour in order to assert their maleness in an education system that devalues them
Fowler (2008): immigration introduced different music genres e.g Reggae + air travel became commercialised and people could travel and experience diff cultures
Gender(feminists):
Many yc overwhelmingly male membership - some hyper masculine e.g skinheads gained bad rep for aggression
Smith (2000): poor young white men channel their rage (from being jobless) into aggressive masculinity
Jackson (2007): much of the media attention of 'ladettes' is a folk devil (person presented by the media as outsiders or deviant - Stan Cohen) & way of policing women
McRobbie (2008): 70s- girls seen as passive in media/ desire to impress boys - 90s- 'girl power' they want to be free, now active consumers - media created specifically for girls consumer market
Mac n' Ghail (1994): crisis of masculinity
Postmodernists: establish an idenity - Bauman (1992) class/gender less signif - identifies are more flexible e.g Neo-tribes - studies now show youth belong to many diff casual groups e.g Polhemus and supermarket of style
Tech changes:
Postman (1982)in contemporary society, new tech e.g tv blur separation between adult & child.
Media influence