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Chapter 5 The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Truman's Doctrine
Truman wanted a balanced budget, but he knew that the public wouldn't support higher taxes for a larger military establishment.
Domestic facts
demobilization
business
Restricted the Truman administration's ability to carry on the Cold War.
cutback
lower taxes
Foreign and Military policies were moving in the opposite direction
The US was prepared to move into Greece whenever the British pulled out
In January 1947, Truman sent the Greek government an offer to provide advisers and funds for a program of economic stabilization.
Senator Arthur Vandenberg
A republican that was one of the architects of the bipartisan foreign policy.
Because of how Truman described the Greece situation, he got Vandenberg's support for the policy.
His Doctrine came close to shutting the door against any revolution, since the terms "free peoples" and "anti-Communist" were thought to be synonyms.
This Doctrine met the requirement of the idea of that Americans expect their wars to be grand heroic crusades on a worldwide scale, a struggle between light and darkness with the fate of the world hanging outcome.
The Moscow council of Foreign Minister failed
Positions on Germany had hardened
Neither the Americans nor the Soviets had any intentions of working toward a peace treaty with Germany and Germany reunification.
He abolished the OSS
Marshall Plan
Marshall recognized the Continent-wide nature of the problem
The restoration of Europe involved the restoration of Germany.
Tied Germany to Western restoration of Europe generally and offered vast sums to everyone
Helped draw a line across the Continent, but unwillingness of the Congress to appropriate money had left the area too weak to support any sizable armed forces.
This plan had gone aglimmering when Molotov walked out of the Paris Conference.
Key stone to contaiment
June 26, Molotov arrived at Paris with 89 economic experts and clerks, which meant that they were considering the proposal.
He proposed that each nation should establish their own recovery program.
Molotov Plan
Czechoslovakia
Communist coup
Soviets and Americans occupied Czechoslovakia after the war
Was between Poland and Eastern Germany on the north and Hungary on the south, which made Soviet influence pervasive.
May 1946, first postwar elections were held
Communist won 38%
was a model of democracy
dramatically illustrated the limitations of current American policy
Air Force doctrine
Punish misbehavior through strategic bombing
A good way to protect the US from any mass assault.
End of 1946 most discussion of the optimum American response to the Soviet challenge were:
Build up America's own military resources
Send military aid to threaten nations.
Give economic and technical assistance to needy people
The republican Congress controlled the money and didn't see any reason to spend it on any of these courses.
Domino theory: if one of the nation fell to the communists, its neighbors would surely follow.
Kennan vs Truman
Kennan
not a politician
He wanted to stop the Communist realistically, at little cost and with minimal commitments.
He had risen in prestige and power in the State Department, and Marshall had named him head of a new Policy Planning STAFF.
He was upset of the speech Truman gave, since he thought that there was no need for any military aid in Turkey because there was no military threat, so too in Greece.
His rise in part was because of his seven-thousand- word telegram sent from Moscow.
Truman
the expert on domestic policies
Truman to get the support he lied and exaggerated the situation in Greece.
He believed that it had to be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outsiders.
He scared the hell out of the American people
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
Created in 1947 as a part of the National Defense Act
Allen Dulles was the deputy director
Wasn't given authority to carry out covert operations abroad.
It was restricted to gathering and analyzing intelligence
In June 1948, the Truman administration authorized the CIA to engage in a brad range of convert operations directed against the Soviet Union and Communist elsewhere, including political and economic warfare and paramilitary activities.
CIA placed a few million dollars in the hands of the anti-Communist Christian Democrats, who ended up winning the elections.
March 16, 1948, France, Britain, and the Benelux signed the Brussels treaty.