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**CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM KAREN MORALES PERIOD 6 - Coggle Diagram
**CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM KAREN MORALES PERIOD 6
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Blood is the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
REGULATION
Maintaining normal pHusing buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
PROTECTION
Preventing infection (ANTIBODIES)
Preventing blood loss
TRANSPORT
Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Delivering O2and nutrients to body cells
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ERYTHROCYTES
are small-diameter cells that contribute to gas transport.Cell has biconcave disc shape and is anucleate, and filled with hemoglobin. Hemogoblin binds reversibly with O2.Erythropoiesis: formation of Red Blood cells. occurs in red bone marrow Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
PLASMA
is straw-colored sticky fluid and about 90% water.takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.then helps remove this waste from the body. Blood plasma also carries all parts of the blood.
Leukocytes
(WBCS) are the only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles.Function in defense against disease.Leukocytosis:Increase in production of WBC, a normal response to infection
Agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
decreasing abundance in blood: Never let monkeys eat bananas. neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Platelet
: fragments of larger megakaryocyte.Function: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels. involved in the blood clotting process.Hemostasis: fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding.
Step 1: Vascular spasm
– Step 2: Platelet plug formation
– Step 3: Coagulation (blood clotting)
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS
Thromboembolic disorders
: result in undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders
: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, ex:Hemophilia
ERYTHOCTYES DISORDERS
ANEMIA
Blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity that is too low to support normal
metabolism
Not enough RBCs being produced
iron-defiency anemia:Can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also by low iron intake or
impaired absorption
Too many RBCs destroyed
Thalassemias:One globin chain is absent or faulty. Sickle cell anemia:mutated hemoglobin, RBCs become crescent shaped when O2levels are low. they rupture easily and block vessels
BLOOD LOSS
Hemorrhagic anemia: rapid blood loss. Chronic hemorrhagic anemia:slight put persistent blood loss
WBC DISORDERS
Infectious mononucleosis
kissing disease.Results in high numbers of typical agranulocytes. lymphocytes become enlarged
Abnormally low WBC count:
leukopenia
Leukemias
Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs.Immature, nonfunctional WBCs flood bloodstream .Cancerous cells fill red bone marrow, crowding out other cell lines
Congestive heart failure (CHF) CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet
tissue needs
Multiple myocardial infarcts: heart becomes weak as contractile cells are replaced with scar tissue
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): ventricles stretch and become flabby, and myocardium weakens
Persistent high blood pressure: aortic pressure greater than 90 mmHg causes
myocardium to exert more force
CARDIAC CYCLE
Bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Varicose veins: dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves
ABO, Rh blood types
The Rh type is either positive or negative.
ABO blood groups
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of RBCS.Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins) A, B, AB, and O
LAYERS OF THE WALL
1.Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
2.Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels.lines heart chambers
BLOOD FLOW
5.pulmonary valve
6.pulmonary artery
4.right ventricle
lungs
3.tricuspid valve
7.pulmonary vein
2.right atrium
8.left atrium
starting from the right side of the heart. 1.superior and inferior vena cava
8.bicuspid valve
9.left ventricle
9.aortic valve
10.aorta
11.body
blood flow through body
systemic circulation
short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to heart
long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart
the blood that is returning to the heart is delivered though the coronary sinus and vena cava
coronary circulation
coronary arteries
arise from base of aorta
right: supplies atrium and most of right ventricle. its two branches are right marginal artery and posterior inter ventricular artery
left: supplies intraventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and wall of left ventricle
coronary veins
great cardiac vein of anterior inter ventricular sulcus
small cardiac vein from inferior margin
cardiac viens collect blood from capillary beds
middle cardiac vein in posterior inerventricular sulcus
Pulmonary circulation
: short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to heart
ANATOMY OF HEART
ventricles
: the discharging chambers
Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity. which anchor chordate tend
Left ventricle: posteroinferior surface.Pumps blood into aorta
Right ventricle: most of anterior surface.Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
Atria
: the receiving chambers.Small, thin-walled chambers; contribute little to propulsion of blood.Interatrial septum: separates atria
Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
the 3 vessels that go into the right atrium.Superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm. Inferior vena cava from below the diaphragm.Coronary sinus returns blood from coronary veins
Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body
3 blood vessels dump into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
returns blood from the body regions below the diaphragm
coronary sinus
returns blood from the coronary veins
superior vena cava
: returns fro body regions above the diaphragm
surface features
Anterior interventricular sulcus
posterior interventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus (posterior)
valves
Ensure unidirectional (one way) blood flow through heart – prevents backflow of blood
semilunar valves: located between ventricles and major arteries.prevents back flow from major arteries back into ventricles.open and close in response to pressure changes. resemble half of moon
aortic valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Atrioventricular valves(AV) prevent back flow when ventricles contract.located between atria and ventricle
bicuspid vale: made up of 2 cusps and lies between the left atria and ventricle
Tricuspid valve:made up of 3 cusps , it lies between right atria and ventricle
**vital signs; blood pressure, respiratory rate and body tempt
blood pressure
force/unit exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood. regulation keeps BP high enough to provide adequate tissue perfusion, but not too high that it will cause damage
diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest. less than 80 mm Hg. artery is no longer constricted
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aota during ventricular contraction. less than 120 mm Hg
pulse:throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressure, which can be felt under the skin
vital signs
volume of blood flowing through vessels, organs, or entire cicurlation in given period.
venous blood pressure
respiratory pump:pressure changes during breathing over blood towards the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
sympathetic venoconstrcition: smooth muscles constrict pushing blood back towards the heart
muscular pump:contaction of skeletal muscles. blood back to the heart.
Heart conduction
and ECG
the
atrioventricular (AV) bundle
connects the atria to the ventricles
the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the inter ventricular septum
the impulse pause (0.1s) at the
atrioventricular AV node
the
subendocardial conducting network
depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricle
The
sinoatrial node
(pacemaker) generates impulses
CARDIAC CYCLE
Diastole: period of heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
Mechanical events follow electrical events seen on ECG
Cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
Systole: period of heart contraction
electrocardiogram:a graphic recording of electrical activity
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
s-t segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular depolarization
BLOOD VESSELS
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
capillaries:
direct contact with tissue cells. don't have walls of vessels but rather Endothelium with sparse basal lamina
Microscopic vessels
Walls just thin tunica intima, one cell is their diameter
exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Capillary bed: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Veins
: carry blood toward heart
Formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger
and larger veins
thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries
veins can be deep and superfical
Arteries
: carry blood away from heart
Muscular arteries:deliver blood to the body organs.
Elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen
Arterioles(smallest of arteries) Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle. lead to capillaries
arteries are only deep
all vessels consist of a lumen, central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall.arteries and veins have 3 wall layers
Tunica media
Middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin.Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer. controlling vasoconstriction & vasodilation, an increase or decrease in size of lumen. bulkiest layer
Tunica externa
outermost layer.Composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and and anchor it to surrounding structures
Tunica intima
inner most layer, intimate and makes contact with the blood
MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BODY
VEINS
deep ones have a corresponding artery
brachiocephalic vein
axillary vein
neck: internal and external jugular vein
subclavian artery
superficial vein:cephalic vein and basilic vein
deep veins of the heart: brachial, ulnar, radial vein
upper leg veins: deep femoral vein. superficial vein: great saphenous vein
common iliac vein, separates into internal and external iliac vein
ARTERIES
clavicle:subclavian artery
brachiocephalic artery: first branch of the aorta
neck: common carotid artery
aortic arch: between ascending and descending aorta
thoracic aorta part of the aorta above the diaphragm
armpit:axillary artery
brachial artery: artery in forearm
radial artery: found in forearm
ulnar artery: found in forearm
abdominal aorta: part of aorta below diaphragm
common illiac arteries: branch from the aorta and separate into two. which deliver blood to lower limbs
femoral artery:artery in thigh
anterior tibial artery and tibial artery in lower leg
