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VITAL FUNCTIONS IN ANIMALS - Coggle Diagram
VITAL FUNCTIONS IN ANIMALS
NUTRITION (heterotrofic)
Carnivores (eat other animals)
Omnivores (eat animals and plants)
Herbivores (plant eaters)
Saprophytic (feed on decaying organic matter)
In order to perform nutrition, animals have four systems:
digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory.
Digestive system
Most animals have a digestive tract that begins in the mouth.
Food passes through oesophagus, stomach and intestines, where digestion is complete and nutrients pass into the blood.
Digestive tract ends in the anus and unabsorbed food is ejected through defecation.
There are organs called glands, like liver or pancreas, which help breaking down food.
Respiratory system
Obtains oxygen from the environment and releases carbon dioxide.
Circulatory system
Transport nutrients to the cells and waste products out of them.
Composed of a liquid that transport substances; vessels in which the liquid moves; and one or more hearts that pump the liquid.
OPEN: liquid leaves the vessels in some areas. Some invertebrates.
CLOSED: liquid always travels inside the vessels. Some invertebrates and vertebrates.
Excretory system
Eliminates nitrogenate waste compounds from the organism.
Nephridiums (annelids and molluscs)
Malpighian tubes (insects)
Kidneys (vertebrates)
INTERACTION
Nervous, endocrine and locomotive systems are involved in detecting stimuli and elaborating a response.
Nervous system
Since the Sense organ, through the Sensory nerves goes to the Nerves Centres ( brain and the spinal cord), and then, through the Motor nerves it goes to the Effector organs (muscles or glands)
Endocrine system
Hormones act on certain organs, making them to respond
The endocine system responses are slower than the nervous responses, but they last longer.
Made up of the glands in the body, which release hormones to the blood.
REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction
Budding: a new individual will develop from a bud in the body.
Excision and fragmentation: animal’s body divides into two parts (excision) or into several (fragmentation) to create new individuals.
Sexual reproduction
It takes place in the reproductive system, where the sexual cells or gametes are found.
Ovaries are the female sex organs and form eggs.
Testicles are the male sex organs and produce sperm.
Some species are hermaphrodites if they have both male and female sex organs.
Gametes join in the process of fertilisation, which can happen inside the female’s body (internal) or outside (external).
Embryonic development can be:
oviparous: embryo develops inside an egg
viviparous: embryo develops inside the mother
ovoviviparous: embryo develops inside an egg that remains inside the mother’s body.