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Reactions - Coggle Diagram
Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction Reaction
Electrons are transferred from one reactant to another
One of the most familiar examples is the corrosion of a metal, when it turns from a metal to a metal compound as a reaction between it and the enviroment it's in.
The metal corrodes and it loses one or more electrons per atom to form a cation, which can combine with an anion to form an ionic compound.
When an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons, it oxidizes, loss of electrons by a substance is called oxidation.
Oxidation of one substance must be accompanied by the reduction of another one
Each atom in a neutral substance is assigned an oxidation number, which is the same as the charge
For an atom in its elemental form, the oxidation number is always zero
For an atom in monoatomic form, the oxidation number equals the ionic charge
This rule is useful in obtaining the oxidation number of one atom in a compound or ion if the other oxidation numbers are known
Alkali Metals ion groups will always have a 1+ charge and therefore and oxidation number of +1.
Alkaline Earth metals' oxidation states and charges are always 2+ and +2 respectively.
Aluminium group elements' oxidation states and charges are always 3+ and +3 respectively.
Nonmetals usually have negative oxidation numbers, although sometimes they can be positive
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The sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is always 0, meanwhile in a polyatomic ion equals the charge of it
However, the one that gains these electrons and becomes more negatively charged, it has reduced.
They are important in different biological and geological processes, and also to create batteries and fuel cells
Acid/Base Neutralization Reactions
Many acids and bases are industrial and household substances, and some are important components of biological fluids. Acids and bases are also common electrolytes.
Acids are substances that ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions H.
Molecules of different acids ionized to form different of H ions.
when a solution of an acid and a solution of a base are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs.
Protons are transferred from one reactant to another to neutralize it.
Bases are substances that accept (react with) H ions.
When dissolved in whater, they dissociate into ions, introducing OH ions into the solution.
Strong electrolytes (completely ionized in solution) are strong acids and strong bases.
weak electrolytes (partly ionized) are weak acids and weak bases
The only common strong bases are the common soluble metal hydroxides
Precipitation Reactions
They are reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product
A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution
They occur when pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that they form an insoluble ionic solid
Exchange reactions
Cations and anions exchange partners according to the general equation