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Cardiovascular System Concept Map Sarah Hernandez P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Concept Map
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
cerebrovascular accident (stroke):
blood flow to portions of the brain is interrupted
endocarditis and myocarditis:
inflammation of the heart
peripheral artery disease (pad):
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
congentital heart disease:
issue with the heart structure and/or function present since birth
myocardial infarction:
heart attack, blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
ABO + Rh Blood Types
Blood groups are based on the presence and absence of
antigen A and/or B
in RBC
32 known RBC antigens
antigen:
a molecule that evokes immune response
antibody:
protein produced by immune system to attack a specific antigen not found in a person's cells
agglutination
: clumping of RBCs following transfusion of incompatible blood
universal recipient
: type AB BLOOD
plasma does not contain type antibodies; can receive rbcs of any blood type
universal donor
: type O BLOOD
rbc membranes dont contain antigen A or B; rbcs of O type will not be attacked by antibodies
Type B
:
B antigens on membrane
anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB
:
both A/B antigens on membrane
universal recipient
Type A
:
A antigens on membrane
anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O
:
neither antigen on membrane
both antibodies, universal donor
Rh Blood Types
Rh blood groups: named after rhesus monkey, common antigen of group= Antigen D
Rh factors (antigen D): present in RBC, blood is Rh positive
Rh factors (antigen D): absent in RBC, blood is Rh negative
2 ways to Rh- contact with Rh+=
transfusion or pregnancy (erythroblastosis fetalis)
Major Components and Functions of Blood
Main components of Blood:
red blood cells
: respiratory gas transport
erythrocytes: flexible biconcave discs, are 1/3 hemoglobin, lifespan= 120 days
white blood cells
: fights infections
formed by hemocytoblasts of red bone marrow
platelets
: stoppage of bleeding
are thrombocytes= fragments of red bone marrow cells/ repairs= hemostasis
plasma
: liquid matrix of the blood
red/white blood cells and platelets are
formed elements
of the blood
92% water, functions= transport nutrients + gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, optimal pH
Cardiac Cycle + ECG
cardiac cycle:
systole= contraction
diastole= relaxation
1- atria contracts as ventricles relax
2- ventricles contract as atria relax
3- entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
ECG- ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
depolarization= contraction
repolarization= relaxation
the recording of electrical changes during cardiac cycle{ summed action potential of cardiac muscles and electrical currents in body fluids
P waves:
first wave
- corresponds to the depolarization of the atria, atria contraction
QRS Complex:
depolarization of ventricles, contraction of ventricles
repolarization of atria during QRS complex
T Wave:
ventricular repolarization to ventricular relaxation
Vital Signs- Blood Pressure and Pulse
Pulse
pulse
: alternating expansion/recoil of atery wall as ventricles contract and relax
common pulse points=
radial artery
, cartoid artery, brachial artery, femoral artery
Blood Pressure
BP- exists through all cardiovascular systems; force blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels, referes to systemic
arterial pressure
systolic pressure: maximum arterial pressure druing ventricular contraction (systole)
diastolic pressure: minimum arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
sphygmomanometer: used to measure arterial blood pressure
Structural and Functional Differences between Blood Vessels- arteries, veins, capillaries
arteries
: transport blood
away
from the heart, does not need valves, divides into artericles
wall of arteries:
*tunica media- innermost, prevents clots, regulate bloodflow
*tunica media- thick middle layer, smooth muscle
*tunica externa- outermost attaches to surrounding tissues
veins
: transport blood
toward
the heart, contains valves
capillaries
: vessels between arteries and veins
Blood flow of the heart and body
pulmonary circuit:
blood flow between the heart and the lungs
systemic circuit:
blood flow between heart and body tissues
From the superior and inferoir vena cava, blood flows into the
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk/arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins (right and left)
[switch to left side of the heart]
left atrium
biscuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
to arteries, capillaries and veins throughout the body until it reaches the vena cavas again
Anatomy of the Heart (chambers+valves)
right chambers
surrounded by less myocardium compared to left counterparts
Right atrium:
receives de-oxygenated blood from the superior/inferior vena cava
Tricuspid valve:
connected to papillary muscles and cordnae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle
Right ventricle:
receives blood from the right atrium and pushes blood to the pulmonary trunk
left chambers
contains larger amounts of myocardium to push oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body
Left atrium:
receives blood from the lungs and pulmonary veins and pushed blood to the mitral/biscupid valve to the left ventricle
Mitral/Bicuspid valve:
connected to papillary muscles and cordnae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood from the left ventricle
Left ventricle:
receives blood from the left atrium and pushes blood out through the aortic semilunar valves through the aorta and to the rest of the body
semi lunar valves
semilunar valves of pulmonary trunk/arteries (right/ deoxy blood) and aorta (left/ oxygenated blood)
pulmonary semilunar valve
: receives blood from the right ventricle, prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk/arteries
aortic semilunar valve
: receives blood from the left ventricle, prevents backflow from the aorta
Major Blood Vessels (+regions)
Main Arteries
ascending aorta: right/left coronary arteries
aortic arch: brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, subclavian artery
descending aorta
thoracic aorta: bronchial, pericardial, esophageal arteries
abdominal aorta: lumbar, middle sacral artery, common iliac
external carotid artery: superior thyroid artery (mainly facial blood flow)
internal carotid artery: opthalmic artery (mainly cerebral)
Main Veins
vena cavas
internal/external jugular veins
internal/external iliac veins
deep veins:
brachial, ulnar, radial, femoral veins
superfcial veins:
cephalic, basilic, great saphenous veins
Major functions of cardiovascular system
cardiovascular system: close circuit consisting of heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries,veins)
supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes wastes
pulmonary circuit:
carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs; picks up oxygen and drops off CO2
systemic circuit:
sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells; drops oxygen and picks up CO2
Layers of the heart
wall of the heart is composed of 3 layers:
epicardium (visceral pericardium):
outermost layer, serous memebrane that reduces friction
myocardium:
middle layer, made of thick cardiac muscle that pumps blood out of chambers
endocardium:
inner layer, contains Purkinje Fibers
heart coverings:
pericardium
- membranous sac that encloses the heart, consists of two portions
pericardium portions:
fibrous pericardium:
outer connective tissue
serous pericardium:
inner, delicate, double-layered