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Unit 5 Review Guide - Coggle Diagram
Unit 5 Review Guide
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RNA: Function
Acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the process by which proteins are made from amino acids
Transfer RNA carries single amino acids from the cytoplasm and deposits them in the correct order in the growing protein chain during protein synthesis.
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Translation
The mRNA is read by the ribosomes and converted into a stretch of amino acids strung together, joined by a peptide bond. This creates the protein, aka polypeptide.
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Process starts in the P-site of the ribosome, then the code of DNA is read from the A(arrival) site. As more amino acids attach to the chain, the tRNA comes out of the ribosome.
In a cell, translation ends when it reaches the stop codon and the ribosome releases the polypeptide from the cell.
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Protein Structure
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Tertiary: Final folded structure that the protein chain will take on in addition to the alpha-helix and beta-sheets present in the chain.
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of getting genes to produce their proteins in a laboratory. Genetic engineering uses the quick reproducing capabilities of certain types of cells, such as bacterial cells, to make lots of copies of certain proteins, such as insulin.
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Recognition site: DNA can be cloned by different restriction enzymes at different sequence points called recognition sites.
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Recombinant DNA: Recombinant DNA is the new genetic material in the bacteria after its original DNA was altered. Has foreign genes inserted into its genome.
Plasmid: A small, circular piece of DNA that can have genes easily added to it, usually by restriction enzymes.
Scientists put a new gene into a plasmid by first removing DNA from a cell nucleus and removing plasmid DNA from bacteria. Then, they cut a gene from the DNA strand and cut open the plasmid. Lastly, the cut ends of the plasmid DNA and the human DNA will attach to form a new loop of plasmid DNA, called recombinant DNA.
PLASMIDS may provide antibiotic resistance, so the bacteria can grow on Petri dishes that have it. This way, they provide something the bacteria doesn’t have but needs in order to survive.
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The cut ends of the plasmid DNA and the human DNA will attach to form a new loop of plasmid DNA, called recombinant DNA.
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DNA: Function
Allows cell division to occur because DNA must be copied in a process called replication in order for cell division to occur.
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DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.
Transcription
The 'Central Dogma' is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product
DNA, which is in the nucleus, is converted into mRNA. mRNA can leave the nucleus and go out into the cytoplasm to be made into protein. DNA must unwind, allowing the RNA polymerase to begin adding bases to the growing chain, thus creating the message.
In prokaryotic cells, transcription & translation can be done in rapid order in the cytoplasm
In eukaryotic cells, transcription & translation occur in different places.
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Bacterial Transformation
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Competent cell preparation is a way of preparing cells to take up foreign DNA. The process alters the bacteria’s plasma membranes in such a way that plasmids can pass through them more easily. An example includes mixing calcium chloride with negatively charged E. coli bacteria and negatively charged plasmid DNA to neutralize the negative charges, allowing the plasmid to pass through the cell wall and plasma membrane.
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Transformation is the process through which DNA from a bacterial cell’s environment is introduced into the cell. Transformation in nature is usually rare, but researchers have developed experimental techniques to introduce plasmids into a bacterial cell. Plasmids can be genetically altered so that if they are taken up by bacterial cells, the cells will carry out a specific function.
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Recovery takes place after the bacteria and plasmids combine after a method called heat shock where scientists change the temperature by first icing the bacteria and plasmids, and then putting them in warm water to make the cell wall and membrane more permeable. During recovery, the plasmid-infused bacteria is placed at 37°C for 24 hours before being plated.
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The bacterial samples are put on plates to test for successful transformations. There are several plates including control groups and independent variables in the experiment to help show the contrast between the manipulated variable and constant group. After a 24 hour incubation period, any cell that was transformed with plasmids survives and divides to form colonies.
Nitrogen Bases
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To remember: Pu rhymes with two. Pure As Gold, A & G
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To Remember: Pyramids have 1 point. Pyramids CUT, C & U & T