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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - bacterial
        
        flagella, cell wall, plasmids (DNA),
      - animal and plant cells
        
        animal: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane
        plant: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall
        
        differences: plant has cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts
        plant cell perform photosynthesis
    - - stem cells
        
        stem cells are unspecialised cells
        
        2 types human stem cells: embryonic stem cells (embryo) and adult stem cells (bone marrow)
        
        ethics
        
        Killing potential for life
        
        Often heart isn't beating and embryo isn't conscious so it doesn't matter....
        
        ADVANTAGES
        
        IVF ( in vitro fertilisation) - get thrown away anyway as most aren't used
        
        No chance of rejection - same DNA
        
        1 type plant stem cell: meristem of plants
      - mitosis
    - - Osmosis
        
        The net movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ( through a semi-permeable membrane
      - Diffusion
        
        The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
      - Active Transport
        
        The net movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration, against the concentration gradient
        Requires energy ( in form of ATP - from respiration)
    - - I = AxM
        
        I = Image size, A = actual size, M = Magnification
      - convertions
    - - Conversion m <----mm ( ÷ 1000) <---- um <--- ( ÷1000)
- - - - Enzymes made of protein
        
        "LOCK AND KEY THEORY"
        
        Substrate = substance the enzyme binds to at the active site
        
        Enzymes = specific active site for each substrate.
        
        denature = the active site changes
        
        optimum = the ideal conditions (temperature and pH)
        
        product = the substance formed after the enzyme binds to the substrate, usually forms 2 products
        
        For Metabolism, see Metabolism Coggle :smiley:
        
        Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
        
        Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to simple sugars.
        
        Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.
        
        Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids
        
        Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.
      - Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up biological reactions by breaking them into smaller pieces quicker
    - - Made of Plasma, Platelets, Red blood cells and White blood cells.
        
        Platelets
        
        Tiny fragments of cells
        
        Functions(s) - Clotting of blood and forming scabs - by releasing chemicals that help to seal wounds.
        
        Plasma
        
        Liquid part of the blood made up of mostly water but also contains salts and some enzymes. Plasma makes up 55% of blood
        
        Function(s) - carries blood cells and Platelets around the body
        
        Carries hormones, nutrient, CO2 and urea around the body
        
        Distributes heat around the body.
        
        White blood cells
        
        There are 2 types of white blood cell.
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Function(s) - Produce antibodies which detect pathogens and act as a marker for phagocytes. Some lymphocytes persist (stay around) in the blood after we've had a disease - gives us immunity to SPECIFIC diseases
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Function(s) - ENGULF AND DESTROY pathogen/ microorganisms that have entered the body
        
        Red blood cells
        
        Biconcave disc shape, no nucleus, millions in each mm^3 of blood. Lots of haemoglobin
        
        Function(s) - carries oxygen from the lungs to cells (e.g muscles) in the body so that respiration can take place.
    - - The laying of fat in the coronary arteries causing it to narrow
        
        This reduces the blood flow through these blood vessels and therefore the amount of oxygen getting to the cells in the body
      - Treatments
        
        Method 1
        
        Statins
        
        Not an immediate fix
        
        Readily available
        
        Drugs that help to reduce blood cholesterol levels - slows the rate of fatty material deposit (the laying of fat in the blood vessels)
        
        No major surgery needed
        
        Possible side effects
        
        Method 2
        
        Stents
        
        Small mesh tube inserted using a balloon that holds open passages in the body e.g blood vessels, trachea etc...
        
        Immediate fix to the problem
        
        Chance of rejection and infection after surgery
        
        NOT a MAJOR surgery to have but still has risks
        
        Patient could have an allergic reaction to metal of the stent
    - - Sterilised Inoculating loop (using Bunsen Burner) to transfer cultures
      - Not about 25°C/ room temp/ body temp - risk of human pathogens
      - Tape around petri dish and agar culture - Enough to stop other microorganisms entering but still allow oxygen in.
  - - - Have thin walls.
      - Have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards
      - Contain blood that is under a lower pressure
      - Contain blood under lower pressure.
    - - Have small passageways for blood (internal lumen)
      - Carry blood away from the heart (always oxygenated apart from the pulmonary artery which goes from the heart to the lungs).
      - Thick walls to withstand the pressure
    - - Found in the muscles and lungs.
      - Microscopic – one cell thick.
      - Very low blood pressure.
      - Gas exchange takes place here.
        
        In lungs, oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, while carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood.