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Cardiovascular-Gladis Vazquez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular-Gladis Vazquez Period 5
Major components & functions of Blood
blood is of different types and 0nyl certain combinations are compatible for transfusion
before transfusion, donor, and recipient blood must test for compatibility
ABO blood types, including Rh factor should be same in the donor and recipent
blood: a type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma)
circulatory system: made up of blood, heart and blood vessels
blood moves substance throughout body, help to maintain homeostasis
ABO, Rh Blood Types
ABO
type A blood: A antigens on RBS membranes and anti B antibodies in plasma
type B blood: B anitgens on RBC membranes and anti A antibodies in plasma
type AB blood: both A and B antigens on RBC membranes but neither types of antibodies in plasma; universal recipent
type O blood: none antigen on RBC membranes but both types of antibodies in plasma; universal donor
Rh blood types
most common antigen of group is antigen D
Rh factor (antigen D) is present on persons red blood cells blood is Rh positive; if absent the blood is Rh negative
Major Functions of Cardiovascular System
closed circuit that consist of heart and blood vessels; vitial for supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissue and removing waste from them
arteries
: transport blood away from the heart
veins
: transport blood towards heart
capillaries
: vessels that run below arteries and veins
oxygen-poor blood carried by oulmonary circuit to the lungs; picks oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
system circuit sends oxygen- rich blood to all body cells; drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
Anatomy of Heart (including all chambers & valves)
4 Chambers
2 upper chambers called
atria
(left and right atrium)
2 lower chambers called
ventricles
(left and right ventricle)
interventricular septum: separates ventricular on the right from the left
atrioventricular valve: each side has one to ensure one way flow of blood from atria to ventricle
tricuspid valve (right av): between right atrium and right ventricle, has chorade tendinae
bicuspid/ mitral valve: have cusps to which chordae tendinae attach
superior & inferior vena cava: being blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
coronary sinus: drains blood from the myocardium (coronary circulation) into the right atrium
semilunar valve: each side of the heart has it, between the ventricle and blood vessel into which blood is pumped
pulmonary semilunar valve: attached at the point at which the pulmonary artery and the aorta leave the ventricles.
aorta semilunar valve: left ventricle pumps blood to systemic circuit through aorta, which prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle
Layer of Hearts
pericardium
: membranous sac that encloses heart
fibrous pericardium: outer, tough, connective tissue
serous pericardium: inner, more delicate, double layer
parietal pericardium: outer layer of serous membranes
visceral pericardium (epericardium): inner layer of serous membranes, covers the heart
pericardium cavity: space btw. inner layer&n parietal layers
Blood flow through the heart & body
blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle
two circuits or subdivisons for blood flow with respect to gas exchange
pulmonary circuit: blood flow btw. heart and lungs
systemic circuit: blood flow btw. heart and body tissue
oxygen poor blood returns to right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
right ventricle contracts closing the tricuspid valve and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
oxygen rich blood flow back to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
left atrium pumps blood through mitral (biscuspid) valve into left ventricle
left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve opening aortic semilunar valve and pumping blood into aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of body
Structural & functional differences btw. blood vessels types (arteries, veins, capillaries)
arteries
artery wall:
tunica media: thick middle layer, composed of smooth muscle
tunica externa: outermost connective layer; relatively thin; attaches the artery to surround tissue
tunica interna: innermost endothelial layer composed of simple squamous epith,; creates a smooth surface to prevent clots; secretes biochemicals to prevent platelet aggregation; secretes substance to regulate blood flow
usually transport blood away from the heart
becomes smaller as they divde and give rise to arterioles
walls of arterioles get thinner as they approach the capillaries
capillaries
blood vessels with the smaller diameter
they connect small arterioles to small venules
consist only of a layer of endothelium through which substance are exchanged with tissue cells (diffusion)
veins
venules leading from capillaries merge to form larger veins that return blood to the heart
walls of veins have the same 3 layers as arteries except that muscle layer is thinner and they have flap like valves to prevent backflow of blood
lumen of a vein is larger than of an artery
also function as blood reservoirs; vasoconstriction of veins in times of blood loss can almost restore normal BP after 25% of blood being lost to a hemorrhage
contracttions of skeletal muscle squeeze blood back up veins one valve section at a time
Cardiac cycle & the ECG
Cardiac Cycle
1st: atria contract (called
atrial systole
), while ventricles relax (called
ventricular systole
)
2nd: ventricles contract (called
ventricular systole
), while the artia relax (called
atrial diastole
)
3rd: entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
ECG (electrocardiogram
): recording of electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
Pwave (1st wave): corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of atria
QR's Complex: corresponds to depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contractions of ventricles; repolarization of atria occurs during QRS complex, but hidden behind larger ventricular event
Twave: corresponds to ventricular repolarization & leads to ventricular rekaxtion
Major blood vessels (names arteries& veins)
Arteries
ascending aorta: largest blood vesels, carries oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of the aorta
aortic arch: located in the heart, the top part of the main artery carrying blood away from the heart,helps distribute blood to the head and upper
thoracic aorta carry blood to the head, neck, thorax and arms; runs from the aortic arch to the diaphragm
abdominal aorta: diaphragm and ends just above the pelvis; supplies oxygenated blood to most of the body.
brachiocephalic trunk: the second branch to arise from the aorta,supplies blood to the head, neck and upper extremities
common carotid artery: carry blood and oxygen to the brain and head and face, provides the main blood supply to the head and neck
subclavian artery:providing blood supply to the bilateral upper extremities with contributions to the head and neck
axillary artery:carries oxygenated blood to various parts of the upper body
brachial artery:carries movement and sensory signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands
radial artery:supplies blood to the forearm (lower part of the arm) and hand
ulnar artery:a terminal branch of the brachial artery, a terminal branch of the brachial artery
common iliac artery: supply blood to the bones, organs, muscles, and other structures in the abdomen and pelvis
femoral artery: the main blood vessel supplying blood to your lower body
anterior tibial artery: one of the terminal branches of the popliteal artery
fibular artery: a branch of the posterior tibial artery
Veins
cephalic vein: superficial vein of the upper limb
basilic vein:the palm of the hand and up your arm on the side of the ulna
radial vein:to drain the venous blood from the deep structures of the hand, the lateral forearm and the elbow joint
ulnar veins:mostly drain the medial aspect of the forearm
brachial vein: drain both the anterior and posterior compartment of the arm
axillary vein: t carries blood from the upper limb, armpit, and the upper side of the chest wall towards the heart
subclavian veins: to drain deoxygenated blood from the upper region of the body
brachiocephalic vein: form the superior vena cava on the right side
superior vena cava: helps drain large amounts of deoxygenated blood from the head, eyes, neck, and upper limbs into the upper left chamber (atrium) of the heart.
internal jugular vein: to collect blood from the skull, brain, superficial parts of the face, and the majority of the neck
external jugular vein: to drain blood from the superficial structures of the cranium and the deep portions of the face.
femoral vein: carries deoxygenated blood from your lower body, back up to your heart
great saphenous vein
external iliac vein
internal iliac
common iliac vein
inferior vena cava
Vital Signs (BP & pulse)
BP (blood pressure)
force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
usually refers to systemic arterial pressure
Pulse
average adult resting heart rate: 70-75 beats/ minute (bpm) with normal heart rate of 60-100bpm
resting heart rate> 100 bpm is tachycardia
<660 bpm is bradycardia
the amount of blood pumped at anyone time must adjust to the current needs of body
heart rate changes in response to autonomic nervous system