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Cardiovascular System
Grecia Lopez, Per. 1 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Grecia Lopez, Per. 1
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ABO, Rh blood types
ABO Blood Groups:
- Based on the **presence or absence of two aggiutinogens
( A and B)** on the surface of RBCs
- Blood may contain anti-A or anti-B antidbodies
- Antibodies are made in order to protect RBCs from forgein subtsances (virsuses and bacterias)
Rh Blood Groups:
- If your body has inherited blood protein on the surface of RBCs = Rh+
- RBCs lack protein = Rh-
- Antigens are substances that produce an immune response
- Rh+ blood can recieve Rh+ blood and Rh- blood transufusions
- Rh- blood can ONLY get Rh- blood transfusions
- AB (universal recipient): A & B antigens, has no antibodies and can receive A, B, AB, and O blood
- B: Has B antigens, anti-A antibodies, and can only receive B and O blood
- A: Has A antigens, has Anti-B antibodies, and can only receive A and O blood
- O (universal donors): Has NO antigens, has anti-A and Anti-B antibodies, and can only receive O blood
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Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Right Side:
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
Left Side:
- Pulmonary Vein
- Left Atrium
- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic Valve
- Aorta
Layers of the heart
Pericardium:
- Double walled sac that surrounds the heart. Looks like saran wrap.
Two types divided by the pericardial cavity:
- Parietal Layer: Internal surface
2. Visceral Layer: External surface
Myocardium:
- Contractile muscle cell bundles
- Found in all four chambers of the hear
- Thicker in ventricles
Endocardium:
- Inteermost layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers.
- Endothelial lining of blood vessels
- Barrier between the cardiac muscles and blood flow
Epicardium:
- Visceral outermost layer of serous membrane
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Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Arteries:
- Carry blood AWAY from the heart
- Are oxygenated
- Elastic arteries: Act as reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart.
- Muscular arteries: Distributing arteries that worth with elastic arteries to deliver blood to body organs and allow for vasoconstriction.
- Arterioles: Smallest of arteries which change diameters to resist blood flow. Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Capillaries:
- Only ONE SINGLE RBC can pass through at a time
- Supply blood to almost every cell
- Allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid
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Blood Vessels:
- Begins and ends at the heart
- Works with the lymphatic system to circulate fluids
- All vessels have lumen and are composed of three layers of tunic: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
- Tunica intima: Has intimate contact with the blood
- Tunica media: Middle layer of smooth muscle that allows for vasodilation and vasoconstriction to control the pressure and flow of the blood
- Tunica externa: Outer layer of the vessel wall which tends to form lymphatic vessels.
Veins:
- Formation begins when the capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger veins
- Venules: Allow for fluis and WBCs to enter tissue
- Blood pressure lower than arteries
- Carries deoxygenated blood throughout the heart
- Venous Valves: Prevent backflow of blood
- Venous Sinuses: Flattened thin viens
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Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
- Pulse + blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature
Pulse:
- Throbbing of arteries
- Pressure points: Areas where arteries are close to the body surface
Blood Pressure (BP):
- Force per unit are exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
- Ausculatory methods using a sphygmomanometer
- Wrap cuff around the arm →Increase pressure → Listen to korotkoff with a stethoscope
- Blood pressure regulation is meant to keep blood pressure high enough to provide adequate tissue perfusion but low enough to not damage blood vessels
- Epinephrine, norephrine, angiostensin, and aldosterone raises bp
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) lowers bp
Systolic Pressure:
- <120 mmHG
- Sound that first occurs as blood enters the arteries
- Pressure excerted in the aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic Pressure:
- <80 mm HG
- Sound that dissapears because blood flows freely
- Lowest level of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest
Systemic Pressure:
- Highest in the aorta and declines throughout the pathway
Venous Blood Pressure:
- Low pressure → Adaptions → Venous return
- Changes little during the cardiac cycle
Aided by:
- Muscular Pump: Contraction of skeletal muscles that "milks" blood toward the heart
2. Respiratory Pump: Pressure changes during breathing, moving blood toward the heart and veins expand
- Sympathetic Vasoconstriction: Smooth muscles constrict causing blood to be pushed back toward the heart
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Vascular System:
Systemic Circulation:
- Long loop
- All parts of the body that lead to the heart
- The heart pumps blood via single sys artery
- Returning blood to the heart is delivered via terminal sys veins, cavas, and artery sinuses
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Short loop
- The heart leads to the lungs which leads to the heart
