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CARDIOVASCULAR ANAPHY, Cardiac Muscle Cell/Tissue: contain mitochondria …
CARDIOVASCULAR ANAPHY
Cardiac plexus:
innervated by sympa at parasym fribers of the autonomic NS from Vagus nerve (CNX)
HUMAN HEART
:<3:
About 4.8 inches tall and 3.35 wide
weighs 0.68lbs in men & 0.56 in women
beats 100,000 times a day
beats 2.5 billion time in average 70yr lifetime
pumps 2000 gallons of blood/day
circulates blood completely 1000x.day
suffers 2.7mil. CAD deaths worldwide /year
Long axis of the heart is directed
obliquely
leftward
downward
forward
12cm long base to LV apex
Base of the heart:
LA and small part of RA and RV
parallel to the right edge of the sternum
Apex:
junction of ventricles and ventricular septum
found at left of MCL at 5th ICS
Hollow, muscular organ within the pericardium in middle mediastinum
Pyramidal in shape
3 SURFACES:
sternocostal (ant)
diaphragmatic (inf)
base (post)
APEX:
directed downward, forward and to the left
lies at the level of 5th left intercostal space, approx 3.5in. (9cm) from the midline
SURFACES:
ANTERIOR:
formed by the RV and parts of the RA & LV
small portion of LV extends ant; form a blunt tip
forward tilt
movement of apex the PMI (point of maximum impluse)
INFERIOR:
diaphragmatic surface of the heart
comprised chiefly of LV
portion of inferior surface is RV
POSTERIOR:
thoracic aorta, esophagus, vertebrae
LA & LV
LATERAL:
Lateral right heart border: R
Lateral wall of LV and small part of LA from most of left border
Cardiac Muscle Cell/Tissue:
contain mitochondria
differ from skeletal muscle
Muscle fibers
: arranged in a lattice-like called a
functional syncytium
involuntary moving
striated
multinucleated
Myofibrils
: Muscle fiber that is composed of thick and thin filaments
Intercalated Disks: Z-disk
located at the end of sarcomeres
interlock fibers together at ends
actively involved in cardiac contraction
Sarcolemma:
membrane that covers individual contraction (MEMBRANE/covering)
SARCOMERE: contractile unit of myocardium
Muscle fibers composed of fibrils
Contractile proteins: myosin (thick) and actin(thin)
interaction help produce contraction force and fiber shortening
Regulatory protein: troponin and myosin
do not directly aide contraction
assist in activating or inhibiting actin-myosin contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
intercellular network cells that surround myofibrils
contain calcium ions
Mitochondria
provide ATP energy for contraction
energy
aerobic respiration
may inner membrane called cristae
Contraction of Sarcomere
NMJ
ECC
SFT
NMJ connection to each other- nakaconnect sa heart
may synaptic vesicle: ang nagrerepack ay si golgi complex
SV naglalaman ng ACH
PISO
sodium-potassium pump
sarcoplasmic reticulum naglalabas ng calcium ions
butas ng actin "actin binding site"
Pag dumating na sa sarcomere yung calcium ion - SFT (sliding filament theory)
didikitan lahat ng myosin ang mga actin bindin site that will cause contraction
pag nagdikit na tawag ay power stroke
si ATP nakadikit na sa actin at myosin, may energy na
mahahati sa dalawa pag nagamit na "ADP phosphate
PERICARDIUM
fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels
lies within the middle mediastinum
Surrounding of the heart
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
fibrous part of pericardial sac
strong and limits unnecessary mv of the heart
it is attached anteriorly to the sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments
SEROUS PERICARDIUM
PARIETAL LAYER: lines of fibrous pericardium and is reflected around the roots of the great vessels
VISCERAL LAYER: closely covers heart(pericardium)
PERICARDIAL CAVITY: slitlike space bet. the parietal and the visceral layers
PERICARDIAL FLUID: small amount of fluid normally present in the pericardial cavity as a lubricant to facilitate cardiac movements
NERVE SUPPLY
Phrenic nerve
-> fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
branches of the sympathetic trunks to vagus nerves
-> visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Electrocardiography
Electrical cavity is recorded by ECG
P wave corresponds to depolarization of SA node
QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization
T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization
Atrial repolarization record is masked by the larger QRS complex
:<3:
2 LAYERS
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM: outermost
SEROUS PERICARDIUM: parietal & visceral
PERICARDIUM: fibroserous membranous sac that encloses the heart and root of the great vessels
pericardial space contains 10-20 ml of fluid
PAPILLARY MUSCLE:
arise from endocardial and myocardial surface of ventricles
attach to tendinae
blood supply from coronary arteries
CHORDAE TINDINAE:
tendinous attachments to TCV and MV
prevent eversion of valves into atria during systole
string like in appearance and are sometimes referred as "heart strings"
BLOOD SUPPLY
RCA
arises from the ant. aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
it descends in the R atrioventricular groove and sends branches to the R atrium & ventricle
it sends by the anastomosing with the L coronary artery in the post. interventricular groove
LCA
arises from the L post. aortic sinus of the asc. aorta
larger than the RCA
CORONARY SINUS
lies in the post. part of atrioventricular groove
largest vein draining the heart wall and is a continuation of great cardiac vein
GREAT CARDIAC VEIN
ascend from the apex of the heart in the anterior interventricular groove
enters the atrioventricular groove, curves to the L side and back of the heart, empties into the coronary sinus
CARDIAC WALL
ENDOCARDIUM
inner membrane surface of the heart
lines chambers and valves
MYOCARDIUM
muscular portion
composed of cardiac muscle cells
contractile portion
EPICARDIUM
visceral layer of serous pericardium
completely encloses external surface of the heart
CARDIAC OUTPUT
is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Product of the HR and SV
HR = heartbeats per minute
SV = blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
Cardiac Reserve
is the difference between resting and maximal CO
CO = HR x SV
CO = 79 x 300ml
= 23.7L/min
CO = 75bpm x 70ml/beat
= 5.25L/min
STROKE VOLUME
SV = end diastolic (EDV) minus end systolic volume (ESV)
EDV = amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole
ESV = amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
SV = EDV - ESV
Ml / L
FACTORS AFFECTING SV
Preload -
amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
Contractility -
cardiac cell contractile force due to factors than EDV
Afterload -
back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
PATHWAY OF THE BLOOD THRU THE HEART AND LUNGS
RA
TV
RV
PSV
PA
LUNGS
PV
LA
BV
1 more item...
Diffusion, magkakaroon ng carbon dioxide
SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus
A-band: dark
I-band: light
H-zone: di pa nagdidikit na band
oxygenated
PULMONARY CIRCUIT
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Coronary circulation
deoxygenated
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Branches of RCA
R conus artery -> ant. surface of the infundibulum of the RV and the upper part of the ant. wall of the ventricle
Ant. ventricular branches -> the ant. surface of the RC
Marginal branch (largest) -> lower margin of the costal surface to reach the apex
post. ventricular branches -> diaphragmatic surface of RV
post. interventricular (descending) artery -> branches to RV&LV
VENOUS DRAINAGE
