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Cardiovascular System Israel Medina P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Israel Medina P.2
ABO,RH BLOOD TYPES
Type AB blood:
has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type O blood
: has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but has both antibody types in plasma; universal donor
Type B blood
: has B antigens on RBC membranes and
anti-A antibodies
Rh blood group
: Rh positive blood has antigen D on it. Has no corresponding antibodies unless Rh negative blood comes into contact with Rh positive blood; they will start developing anti-Rh antibodies
Type A blood
: has A antigens on RBC membranes and
anti-B antibodies in the plasma
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vital for supplying nutrients and oxygen to tissues
Removes waste from tissues
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLOOD VESSEL TYPES
Veins
: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart; structurally similar to arteries, except that the muscle layer is thinner, and have flap-like valves to prevent backflow
Capillaries
: Blood vessels with the smallest diameter; consists of only one layer of endothelium through which substances are exchanged
Arteries
: Strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Components
Buffy Coat
: Makes up less than 1% of the blood and consists of white blood cells and platelets
Erythrocytes:
Makes up 45 percent of the whole blood and is also the most dense componenent
Plasma
: Makes up 55% of the whole blood; is made of mostly water
Function:
Transports substances throughout the body to help maintain homeostasis and also transports nutrients and oxygen to other body cells
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Myocardium:
The middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium:
The inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the purkinje fibers
Epicardium(Visceral Pericardium):
Outermost layer of the heart; serous membrane that is made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decreases heart friction
CARDIAC CYCLE AND THE ECG
An ECG is a recording of the electrical changes that occur during the cardiac cycle
Components of the ECG:
P wave: First wave which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of the ventricles, which leads to the contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
T wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation
The cardiac cycle consists of the following events:
First the atria contract, while ventricles relax
Then the ventricles contract, while the atria relax
Then the entire heart relaxes briefly
BLOODFLOW THROUGH THE HEART AND BODY
Oxygen poor blood enter the right atrium via the superior/inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus and is then forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then the blood is forced through the pulmonary semilunar valve int the pulmonary trunk and arteries. From there, the blood is carried to the lungs into the alveolar capillaries where the blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. The newly oxygen rich blood then flows into the right atrium through the mitral valve into the right ventricle. Finally, the blood goes through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is then distributed throughout the body.
VITAL SIGNS
Pulse:
Alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery as the ventricles contract and relax
BP(blood pressure):
Moves blood through lumen of arteries and arterioles
HEART:
A hollow, cone shaped, muscular pump within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Valves of the Heart
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve:
Opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents back flow to the left atrium
Pulmonary valve:
Entrance to the pulmonary trunk; prevents back flow to the right ventricle
Aortic valve:
Entrance to the aorta ; prevents back flow the the left ventricle
Tricuspid Valve :
Opening between right atrium and right ventricle; prevents back flow from the right atrium
Chambers of the Heart
Ventricles:
Thick-muscled; pumps blood out of the heart
Atria:
2 upper chambers of the heart which receive blood returning to the heart; have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Cerebrovascular Accident(stroke):
Blood flow to portion of the brain is interrupted
Endocarditis/Myocarditis:
Inflammation of the heart
Peripheral Artery Disease(PAD):
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Congenital Heart Disease:
Issue with heart structure and/or function; present from birth
Myocardial Infraction(heart attack):
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked