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Nature - Coggle Diagram
Nature
After Nature
'only the orangutans get a life jacket'- conservation, technology, power and ethics
saving polar bears means saving nature and ourselves. Planetary commons- survival from entanglement with the land.
Responsibility. consumer, humans, global north? Unknowing consumption, macro-scale. climate justice, human saviour and animal victim
Responsibility= environmentally aware subjects. Responsivity= different subjects react and adapt to each other
orangutans as virtual kin- adopting one, kinship and relations, personal, helping to save a species 'there'.
Orangutans as national asset- 1945 constitution (state owner of the national commons in Indonesia), wildlife belongs to state, NGOs and communities as stewards.
who owns the orangutan? communities in Borneo, NGO's (rehab and release, development and education), orangutans have their own agencies but move across legal and political boundaries.
uncommoning nature- what is the villager getting from being responsible for the orangutan? not about what the anthropocene is but merely who is responsible for it, helps us with understanding the world.
More than human
biotechnology, zoonotic diseases, genetically modified organisms, climate change
rejecting binaries and being holistic. moving away from humanism to posthumanism (ontological turn). technofobic and technoutopian.
Sarah Whatmore- what 'exceeds' humans, 'hectic bonds' between humans and plants, devices and creatures.
Science studies having 'deadening binaries' and being political. vitalism= against a mechanistic understanding of the world, having a non-anthropocentric approach). Affect and Non-representational theory= exchanges, organism-machine hybrids
assemblages, non-human agency, relational measurement of space and time, humans are limited in representing the world.
Ethics and politics- political rights not only apply to people, living together,
critiques- some representation may be resisted, differences in power, varying levels of charisma, retains nature-culture binaries, prioritising human capacity to act. more utopian than necessary
Technology
Products of innovation, material artefacts (nuclear power stations), methods and skills in general? Practices to transform the material world?
'Humans are fabricated', might think technology is unnatural. Layout of keyboard. If we removed technologies things would change and would we be 'human'? Hybridity
materialist view= we are what we have. sociological view (we are what we are), the gun is a tool it is the person that has the impact.
Question of agency- anthropocentism (inherent capacity, humans and technologies) vs posthumanism (collective effect, cyborgs, monsters, hybrids)
technologies have a politics, bridges and classes, soap dispenser
Technonatures- non humans as active and lively partners, anthropogenic reach, entanglement
decolonising nature
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colonial natures- modernity where humans are separate from nature. understanding of the other and savages. european enlightenment (remove man from nature and savage from civilised europe)Link Title
ontological turn- euro-western theories of resilience for the climate. erasing indigenous bodies within lecture halls.
being careful when using indigenous thinking- when europeans extract from it they forget that is practiced by people
indigenous natures- influence of ecosystems, non-humans are active members, land is part of the lives that live upon it.
Epistemic violence- nature-culture split as a universal phenomenon in a post humanist world. erase indigenous locations, real effect of soap dispenser. anthropogenic climate change
Natures of power
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nature as a state of war- absolute freedom, no law, natural right to preserve life, power as zero sum. terror as a legitimate source of sovereign power.
sovereign power- power as negative, exclusion and repression, individual events of spectacular violence. power as punishment.
Disciplinary power- power as productive and dispersed. but sovereign power never completely banishes. reform and repent. ritualised conditioning, acting like good agents in neoliberalism. role of capitol.
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Separation of nature from culture- subordinate nature, marxist geographers question the separation.
Marx and the production of nature- 'the worker can create nothing without nature', natural resources turned into commodities, labour relations became important, nature as the hunting ground for human survival.
Enclosures- privatising land, who has the power?
The Commons= free to everyone. 15-16thC land owners enclosed common lands. peasants lose livelihoods and go to cities with booming textile industry, vagrancy act criminalises poor people, have to rely on themselves and their labour (marxism). Capitalism undermines the old ways
Supermarkets now keep us alive- can't imagine the relationship with nature, alienation and detached from the process. Organic farming attempts to maintain this. capitalism turns everything into marketable commodities, e.g. cans of air.
First nature= pristine nature before capitalism. second nature= nature produced by capitalist relations. Anthropocene attempts to spread power and responsibility equally but this isn't the case.
'We have never been human'- ontological purification, entangled with things that aren't human, we have never been modern
Donna Haraway- co-evolved with other species, entanglement, depend on others, humans are not ontologically separate or self-sufficient
KOKO the Gorilla- representation of human man, picture of him taking a selfie, speaks American sign language. World is a tangled ball of yarn
Animals
we have co-evolved with animals around us, active event of separating the two but enlightenment and modernity comes. We often only investigate animals as the impact they have upon the lives of human beings (Philo, 1998)
Animal geographies: zoogeography (early 20thc) involves mapping the geographic distributions of animals and laws of how they arrange themselves.
- Old cultural geography (1960s)- how humans influence animal numbers and distributions
-new animal geographies- cultural turn, human-animal relations, animals socially defined based on their link to humans (food, pets, pests)
-animals are 'undoubtedly constitutive of human societies in all sorts of ways'
what is an animal? bodily features, chromosomes, capacity for agency
- Linnaeus- binomial nomenclature, taxonomy and splitting
- Latour- ontological purification
Animal spaces- human settlement in the city and the lab, agricultural activity in the countryside, unoccupied lands in the wilderness.
- geographical othering- fix animals in spaces different from those that humans occupy.
emergence of zoos in Europe and North America in the 19th C. wild animals go into enclosed and policed enclaves. cleansing urban environments and moving livestock to the boarders- Chicago
Animals out of place- urban and not wild,
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definitions: the essence of something, a material realm untouched by human activity, the entire living world
nature as essence- biology vs environment, nature vs nurture `
Nature as material realm: the non-human world, wilderness, forests. Cartesian dualism= binary between human mind and matter (binary between human mind and matter). ontological distance
Locke- we make nature property as we labour on it. nature then stops being inert. liberal nature and expropriation.
Nature as the entire living world: human and non-human, relational and hybrid approach to nature-culture, linking to the climate crisis. Modern life involves interrelated nature, technology, humans and economy.