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african americans 1890 - 1912 - Coggle Diagram
african americans 1890 - 1912
why did the federal gov not act to stop lynching
too deep rooted - take too much effort to change - no incentive to change
may rely on the Souths vote, unpopular if they try to do something
wounds of the civil war had not yet healed, wanted to appease the south so they wouldn't try to leave
wasn't featured in muckraking - working class in north may not have been aware of atrocities - no societal unrest
'Most important factor of segregation of African-Americans in the Southern states in the period 1890-12.’
attitudes
1876-96 whole notion of the equality of every citizen was in play every day
13th amendment (emancipation)
14th amendment (citizenship)
Jim crow laws
unable to influence society so they can change this
wanted to disenfranchise Americans - deny their right to vote
poll tax, had to pay fee to vote in election
white primaries, had to be a white person to vote in it, couldn't pick candidate
literacy test, slaves were forbidden to read and write
establish a way with the supreme court to infringe upon the rights and the blessings of the rest of country.
plessy v Ferguson
'separate but =' constitutional if you had = facilities - made African American 2nd class citizens, what many white people wanted
separate bathrooms, cars, water fountains
separate black people from white
took away the ability to contest against it, block in place
important for media, highest level of law its legal, no incentive to contest against it
legal precedent
effect
formalised segregation, reaffirmed to any racists in the south and north what they are doing is not wrong, felt unstoppable + nonpunishable
inferior facilitates in segregation, affected education and therefore voting
could interpret = as any way they wanted - extended to schools
voting rights
Overview
15th amendment
if you have no one fighting for you in power, in south many people were in support of these laws
black people had the right to vote, but the problem was registering to vote in each state - stopped them - people elected won't fight against segregation
poll tax
white primaries
Methods used
Georgia introduced poll tax of up to $2 on citizens wanting to vote. prohibited African Americans to vote, most too poor
1898, Louisiana 'GRANDFATHER CLAUSE'. granted to adult males but only if their fathers/grandfathers voted before 1 jan 1867 - the African Americans gained the vote
1890, Mississippi literacy test to register vote - excluded African Americans who were illiterate - questions for uneducated whites were simpler
Effect
1910 - African Americans were able to vote in the south, few of them became political leaders at any level.
complacency - many accepted their situation - too difficult to change, seemed no support at national level.
1880-1910 lynching campaign - 100 a year - cases rarely brought to court and not convicted (all-white juries)
disappearing from voting registers, lost any right to serve on juries and give and their own race any chance of legal equality
couldn't challenge the oppression or white political domination in the south
accommodation
acceptance of economic, political and social circumstances
Booker T Washington believed that African Americans had to acquire skills first through education.
in speeches he argued African Americans could be regarded as potential economic partners, rather than threat to political control
critics attacked his attempts at accommodation, but established him as a leader to African Americans in the south
education
links to voting rights
power and voice needed to fight this, need to be educated to even make their voice heard
effects
chance of receiving formal education increased at this time
terror
white terror - KKK & lynching
if you opposed segregation, at risk of death or make family vulnerable
influence of KKK at highest power stopped many African Americans from protesting
Effect
1880-1910 lynching campaign - 100 a year - cases rarely brought to court and not convicted (all-white juries)
felt powerless - shows how deep-rooted hatred towards African Americans was - therefore it is not surprising that segregation followed - logical next step for the south
the great migration
push
poor economic conditions in the south - share cropping
ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow Laws
pull
reports of good wages and working conditions, spread by word of mouth and African American newspaper
more African Americans move to the north - Harlem renaissance - more a community -cultural scene - encourages more migration
constitution: your right as an American - if you think they are being infringed upon you could go to court