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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - E.G. Blink reflex/pupil reflex
        
        This often doesn't involve the brain
        
        The difference between a reflex and a conscious action is:
        
        reflexes are quicker
        
        reflexes are automatic and involounatry whereas consciou actions are voluntary
        
        reflexes involve the subconscious but conscious actions use the conscious part of the brain
        
        reflexes don't improve with practice but conscious actions can
        
        And reflexes can't be controlled but conscious actions can
  - - - Connects receptors to relay neurons.
    - - Connects sensory neurons to motor neurons.
    - - Connect motor neurons to effectors.
  - - - In dim light, they dilate to let more light in and the circular muscles in the iris relax
        
        In bright light they constrict to let less light in because the circular muscles in the iris relax
        
        different parts of the eye react differently to focus on nearby and distant objects
        
        for distant objects, Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments are pulled taut, the lens becomes thinner so light is refracted slightly.
        
        For nearby objects, the ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken, the lens becomes thicker and the light is refracted more strongly
    - - They have myopia - short-sighted - the lens in the eye is in the wrong shape and means they can't see over long distances
      - They have Hyperopia - Long-sighted - the lens in the eye is in the wrong shape and means they can't see short distances
      - These can be solved with - glasses, contact lenses, replacement lenses, and laser eye surgery
        
        Contact lenses are the same as glasses but easier for sports, but have to be removed overnight
        
        Laser eye surgery is only available to adults, and has a low chance of failing
        
        Replacement lenses add a lens on the defective lens in the eye which can damage the retina, cause cataracts and infections
  - - - Rest weak or strong hand on table
      - Open hand a set amount
      - Line up ruler so zero is above thumb
      - Have partner drop at a random time
      - Read where it was grabbed and calculate reaction time.
      - Repeat 5 times for each hand
      - Calculate an average for each hand.
    - - Independant
        
        Weak or string hand.
      - Dependant
        
        Reaction time
      - Control
        
        Type of ruler, width apart of fingers, height of drop, position of body and level of focus.
- - - - CVD (cardiovascular disease)
        
        All diseases that effect heart or blood vessels
        
        Eg. CHD
        
        Covered in different branch
      - Type 2 diabeties
        
        Risk factors
        
        Poor diet
        
        Lack of exercise
        
        Too much sugar
        
        Family history
        
        symptoms
        
        persistent thirst
        
        More common urinating
        
        Increased tiredness
        
        Longer term symtoms
        
        Heart, nerve or blood vessel damage
        
        Damage to kidney
        
        Vision problems
      - Cancer
        
        Abnormal mutation during growth and reproduction of cells that isn't destroyed
        
        Cancer cells multiply quickly and create tumours
        
        Benign
        
        Benign tumours grow slower and are usually contained
        
        Malignant tumours
        
        Grow rapidly and can invade other areas
        
        Destroys near by tissues and spreads throughout the body.
        
        Can form new blood vessels to get a supply of blood
        
        Can develop almost anywhere in the body
  - - - droplet infection water blood contact faeces
  - - - Single celled prokaryotic organisms
      - Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins.
      - Can be treated with antibiotics
      - Eg. Gonorrhoea, Salmonella
    - - Single OR multi-celled bacteria eukaryotic organisms
      - Grow on moist surfaces
      - Can't be treated with antibiotics
      - Can be treated with anti-fungals
      - Eg. Thrush, athlete's foot, rose black spot
    - - Tiny particles (not cells)
      - Damages cells by reproducing inside them
      - Can't be treated with antibiotics
      - Eg. HIV, flu, measles, TMV(Tobacco mosaic Virus)
    - - Single celled eukaryotic organisms
      - Can't be treated with antibiotics
      - Eg. Malaria
  - - - Nose hairs
        
        Catch and trap pathogen from entering the body
      - Mucus
        
        Bind to and transport pathogens out of the body or to the stomach
    - - High pH acid that denatures pathogen's antigens
    - - Make tears that are antiseptic
    - - Physical barrier
        
        Is a physical barrier to pathogens
      - Glands
        
        produce anti septic oil that also prevents skin from cracking
    - - White Blood Cells
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Engulfs pathogens and breaks them down so they can't hurt the body.
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Produces antibodies when a pathogen activates it's active site.
        
        Antibodies have specific complementary shapes to the pathogen's antigens
        
        Has two area to bind to pathogens so it can bind to two different one's and group them all together.
        
        Produces antitoxins when bacteria create toxins
        
        Binds toxins together to be engulfed by phagocytes.
        
        Plasmids
        
        Create scabs over cuts
        
        Physical barrier
        
        Memory cells
        
        White blood cell lymphocytes that are kept in the blood stream after infection
- - - - Oxygen goes from high pressure in the capillaries to the low pressure in the blood cell
      - The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
    - - The net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
      - E.g water into cells
      - Required practical
        
        Equal shape and length potatoes are weighed then placed in water sugar solutions with varying concentrations. After a set amount of time they are taken out and weighed again and the percentage increase is calculated.
        
        The more dilute the solution the more water is absorbed into the potato chip. In some cases the chip will lose water via osmosis.
        
        Describing graph: There is a clear trend that can be seen from the graph, as the concentration of the sucrose increases the percentage change is mass decreases. This shows a negative correlation between the two variables.
      - When a cell loses too much water it shrinks and becomes flaccid this is called Plasmolysis and happens when too much water leaves the cell via osmosis.
      - Lysis is when a cell 'burst from having too much water. This doesn't happen in animal cells as the cell wall stops this
    - - The net movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to high concentration. This is carried out by carrier proteins and uses energy.
      - E.g plant hoot hair cells. There is often more minerals inside the root hair cell than outside meaning that active transport is used to absorb minerals.
      - E.g glucose being absorbed into the blood stream in the gut via active transport.
  - - - controls activity of the cell
    - - site of chemical reactions
    - - controls flow of substances in and out of cell
    - - Where aerobic respiration takes place
    - - site of protein synthesis
  - - - controls activity of the cell
    - - Where aerobic respiration take place
    - - site of chemical reactions
    - - site of protein synthesis
    - - controls flow of substances into and out of the cell
    - - made of cellulose, protects cell
    - - which absorb light (using chlorophyll) to make food by photosynthesis
    - - filled with cell sap. Makes cell ridged
    - - Upper epidermis
        
        Waxy cuticle
        
        waterproof stops water entering the leaf
      - Mesophyll
        
        Palisade mesophyll
        
        Site of most photosynthesis
- - - - Phagocyte
        
        Engulf's and sometimes digests harmful cells
      - Lymphocyte
        
        Produces anti-bodies
    - - Oxygen binds to haemoglobin so it can be carried around the body
    - - The liquid part of the blood, carries things around the body
    - - They are responsible for blood clotting.
    - - Arteries
        
        Thick, elastic walls
        
        That can withstand high pressure
        
        They have a small lumen in order to maintain high pressure
        
        Which makes the blood flow quickly and smoothly
        
        The walls can stretch and recoil as each pulse passes
        
        they carry blood away from the heart
        
        Typically carries oxygenated blood but not always
      - veins
        
        Transport blood towards the heart under low pressure
        
        Typically carries de-oxygenated blood but not always
        
        They have a large lumen
        
        Which reduces friction
        
        They also contain valves
        
        These prevent the backflow of blood
        
        They do this by opening and closing according to pressure differences
      - Capillaries
        
        Capillaries allow exchange of materials between blood and tissues
        
        They have a single layer of permeable walls
        
        This means the blood doesn't have to move far to get to the cell
        
        They have a very small lumen
  - - - Left
        
        Ventricle
        
        Pumps blood to body through aorta
        
        atrium
        
        Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein
        
        Has to pump blood far so has a thick muscle wall
      - right
        
        ventricle
        
        pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs
        
        atrium
        
        receives blood from body and pumps blood to right ventricle
    - - Semi-lunar
        
        Makes sure blood flows in the correct direction down the aorta and pulmonary artery
      - Atrio-ventricular
        
        Prevents the back flow of blood in the heart.
      - Faulty arteries
        
        Where a persons arteries don't close properly and some blood flows backwards meaning less blood goes around the body or to the lungs.
        
        Treatments
        
        Biological valve
        
        Faulty valve is replaced by a valve from an animal and sometimes a human valve
        
        Pros
        
        The practice has been around for a long time and is well understood
        
        There is no risk of clots forming
        
        Don't need to take anti-clotting medicine.
        
        .
        
        Cons
- - - - Glucose = lactic acid (energy)
    - - glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide (energy)
    - - Breathing rate increases
      - Breath volume increases
      - This is ti supply the muscles with more oxygen so they can respire and release energy
      - If more energy is needed the body stars to respire anaerobically.
      - The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build-up of lactic acid
      - This creates an oxygen debt that needs to be broken down afterwards
      - During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
      - Heart rate increases