Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Exam 1 - Coggle Diagram
Exam 1
Endocrine System
glands
secondary
stomach
ghrelin = "hunger hormone"
digestive activity
increases hunger
adipose tissue
aromatase
enzyme
converts androgens to estrogens
adiponectin
increase
lipid catabolism
glucose transport
insulin sensitivity
decrease
gluconeogenesis
leptin = "satiety hormone"
fullness / satiety / suppresses appetite
kidney
erythropoeitin (EPO)
in response to low oxygen
calcitriol
related
cholecalciferol
Vitamin D
from skin or diet
steroid
in response to parathyroid hormone
primary
thyroid
calcitonin
basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormones
T4 = thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyonine
hypothalamus
pituitary
anterior
glycoprotein
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
peptide
prolactin
growth hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
posterior
peptide
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
gonads
pancreas
exocrine
pancreatic islets = islets of Langerhans
alpha cells
glucagon
"burning mode"
liver
2 more items...
beta cells
insulin
"storage mode"
increase
4 more items...
delta cells
somatostatin = growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH)
PP (F) cells
pancreatic polypeptide
endocrine
pancreatic ancini
99% of pancreas
adrenal
medulla
nervous system
norepinephrine
epinephrine
cortex
zona reticularis
gonadocorticoids
androgens
zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids
cortisol
zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
thymus
develops T lymphocytes
parathyroid
calcium level
calcitonin
increase excretion by kidneys
decrease calcitriol production
parathyroid hormone
increase osteoclast activity
kidney > calcitriol
increased absorption in digestive tract
increase kidney absorption
pineal
melatonin
sleep
circadian rhythm
Signaling
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
ligand
molecule that binds to receptor
ex: hormones
Hormones
Classes
hydrophilic
peptides = polypeptides = glycoproteins
largest group, includes
leptin
insulin
carboxyl (COOH) + amino (NH2) groups
monoamine = amino acid derivative
amino acids
tryptophan
indole ring: hexagon + pentagon
tryptamine
2 more items...
tyrosine
"tire" hexagon
catecholamine
3 more items...
hydrophobic
steroids
*thyroid hormones
thyroglobulin
2 tyrosines
iodinated
cholesterol
4 connected rings
Hormone Dysfunction Diseases
Obesity
high levels of leptin
downregulation
% body fat
distribution
subcutaneous = pear
visceral = apple
worse
diabetes
BMI
doesn't account for differences in body comp: fat vs. muscle vs. bone
weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)
health range <= 30
thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Graves' Disease
proptosis
goiter
tachycardia
hypothyroidism
bradycardia
Diabetes Mellitus
Glycemic Index (GI)
hyperglycemia
polyphagia
lots of hunger
polydipsia
lots of thirst
glycosuria
sugar in pee
polyuria
lots of pee
Types
Type II
Tx
Type I
Tx
Health challenges
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
Addison's Disease
not enough steroid hormones (from adrenal glands)
cortisol
aldosterone
Basic Definitions
hormone
chemical messengers
hormone type
steroid
cholesterol
crosses membranes
synthesized when needed
hydrophobic
peptide
amino acids
cannot cross membranes
stored
hydrophilic
exocrine
secreted onto epithelial cells
Blood
Composition
45% formed elements
living cells
buffy coat
leukocytes (WBCs)
granulocytes
basophils
releases histamine
heparin
neutrophils
phagocytize pathogens + diseases
eosinophils
minor role in allergies
kill parasites
phagocytes
monocytes
macrophages
"monkey"
lymphocytes
make antibodies + cytokines
recognize invasive/foreign cells
T cells
B cells
thrombocytes (platelets)
blood clots
hematocrit
erythrocytes (RBCs)
no nucleus
men have more (sex hormones)
color
bright red to dull red
55% plasma
non-living fluid matrix
salts
proteins
albumins
oncotic pressure
globulins
antibodies = immunoglobulins
transport globulins
fibrinogen
clotting
made by ???
nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, etc.
water
Diseases
leukemia
too many WBCs
anemia
too little RBCs
polycythemia
too many RBCs
Types
antigens
anything that causes immune response
antibodies
key part of immune response
Categorization
connective tissue
cells
formed elements
matrix = plasma
ground substance (fluid)
extracellular proteins
unlike fibers in other connective tissues
Other
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Reaction
"fight or flight"
sympathetic activity
medulla
epinephrine + norepinephrine
Exhaustion
prolonged activity of hormones
if stress continues
collapse/failure/electrolyte imbalance
Resistance
parasympathetic activity
counteracts alarm reaction
repair + restore balance
hormones
medulla
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
growth hormone
glucagon
Autonomic Nervous System
sympathomimetic
sympatholytic