Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Psychology chapter 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The results may be statistically significant (if mentioned)
      - The sample is representative of the population you with to generalise to
      - The sampling method appears appropriate (unbiased + large)
      - Extrainious and confounding variables have been controlled for the best of abiliity (no obvious flaws)
- - - - Independent variable is the variable being manipulated in the experiment. It is the variable that the researcher changes, manipulates or varies. This is to see the effect on the other variable, the DV.
        It is the ‘cause’ in a cause and effect relationship
    - - Dependent variable shows any effect of the independent variable. It is the condition that is affected by the IV, and is used to measure the effect of the IV.
      - Usually a measure of performance, a number or score.
      - Easy to identify as (usually) something that can be counted/quantified or compared.
      - In an experiment there is a control group and an experimental group. By manipulating the IV differently between these two groups, researcher can see the effect on the DV.
    - - An extraneous variable is any variable other than the independent variable that COULD cause a change in the DV and therefore AFFECT the results of the experiment.
      - This has an unwanted effect on the experiment, because it makes any ‘causal’ relationships between IV and DV hard to establish.
      - EV’s can be participant variables (ie. Intelligence levels), experimenter effects (ie non-standardised instructions), or situational variables (ie uncomfortable sleep lab).
      - Are identified before the experiment, has the potential to affect the DV
      - Common extranious variables
        
        Individual participant differences
        
        Each person brings with them to an experiment their own individual differences
        
        Examples: Gender, Age, intelligence, memory, diseases, overall health, occupations
        
        If these differences are not controlled, they may cause a change in the DV
        
        Random sampling, allocation, appropriate ecperimental design (Matched, Repeated, Independant)
        
        Non-standardises instructions and procedures.
        
        Ev's can occur if there are differences in the way the experimentor (or each experimentor if there is more than one) conducts the experiment each time they run it
        
        This could be differences in the oricedures carried out or the instructions given to participants
        
        If there are differences in the administrationeach time, then this is an example of the research being non-standardised. This will make it hard to draw any conclusions because there is no consistansty in experimentation
        
        Placibo effect
        
        The placibo effect is where participants will behave differently due to their own expectations about the treatment they are receiving
        
        For example: If participants in the experimental group are given a pill increasing reaction speed and the control group is given no pill. The experimental group may perfrom better because they have been given something they beleive will make them faster. Likewise the control group may perform worse because they beleive they have been given no treatment.
        
        Experimenter effects
        
        The experimentor effect occurs when there is a chanfe in the participants behaiviour as a result of the interaction or influence with the experimentor or researcher.
        
        This could be treating the experimental group differently to the control group, or dropping hints about what results they would like to see.
        
        Order effects
        
        An order effect might occur when (in a repeated measures design) the sequence in which a person does the tasks affects their performance on the tasks.
        
        This could be seen through either improving performance on the second task due to practice, or a worse performance due to fatigue or boredom
        
        This would confound results, creating a false reading of the effect of the IV on the DV.
    - - A confounding variable is any variable that HAS NOT been controlled for, thereby having an unwanted effect on the DV, and making it IMPOSSIBLE to determine which of the variables has produced changes in the DV.
        For example, in an experiment of the effect of gender on memory, if all the old people were women and all the young people were men, age has been confounded with sex.
      - Are identified after the experiment, HAS effected the DV
- - - - How will you carry out the research?
      - Who will be the participants?
      - What is your method?
    - - How will you collect the data? Quantitative or qualitative data?
      - Questionnaires?
      - Tests?
      - Interviews?
      - Observations?
- - - - Confdentiality
        
        Researcher must collect, retain and dispose of all information related to participants in a manner thst does not disclose their identity within the research. Participants must not be connected to their results or publically identifed.
      - Voluntary participation
        
        Each participant has the right to choose to willingly take part in the research and must not be coerced, forced or tricked into taking part.
      - Withdrawal rights
        
        Each participant may leave the research at any time without pressure to continue, and may remove their results from the data set at any time. They do not have to give a reason.
      - Informed Consent
        
        Researcher must fullt explain to the participant about the true nature and risks of the experiment, and obtain written permission on a consent form in order to take part. NEEDS to be written. If under 18 or incapable, parent/guardian consent should be given.
      - Deception
        
        In research, deception should not be used in research unless its absolutely necessary. It may only be used when knowing the true nature of the study would change the results, and when the deception would not cause harm to the participants. If deception occurs, participants need to be fully debriefed.
      - Debriefing
        
        Debriefing occurs after the experiment has concluded. During debrief, a researcher must inform the participant about the results and the true nature of the experiment, and correct any misconseptions. The researcher must perform counselling if harm has potentially occured.