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Cardiovascular system-Gabriel Cruz P2, Left Ventricle - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular system-Gabriel Cruz P2
Major components and functions of Blood
RBC:
Characteristics: part of formed elements, Biconcave disks, red blood cells are produced in red bone marrow, iron is needed for hemoglobin to reproduce.
Function: contain hemoglobin to help it transport O2 and Co2.
WBC
Function: depend body against diseases
Types:
Agranulocytes: don't have granular cytoplasm, and have a longer life
Monocytes: engulfs large particles
Lymphocytes: provides immunity
Granulocytes: have granular and longer life
Neutrophils: engulf small particles
Eosinophils: Kills parasites that enter the body and regulate allergic reactions
Basophils: Releases heparin and histamine
Characteristics: formed from hemocytoblast in red bone marrow, can leave the blood stream to fight infections, males up less then 1% of the formed elements.
Plasma: makes up 55% of blood, mostly made up of water. The function of plasma is to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain an optimal pH
Platelets
Characteristics:cellular fragments, part of the formed elements.
Function: to repair damaged blood vessels to stop the bleeding.
Function of the Blood: transport substances throughout the body like hormones, O2, CO2, remove metabolic waste, help maintain homeostasis, and distribute body heat.
Major blood vessels
Arteries(away from heart)
Torso/Hip region
Abdominal aorta: have many branches that supply stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, diaphragm, portions of smaller and larger intestines, adrenal gland, ovary/ testis, etc.
common iliac artery: supply the lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limbs. Located in the pelvic region.
Thoracic aorta: supply bronchi, pericardium, esophagus, mediastinum, & thoracic wall. Located along the vertebra
Arms
Axillary artery: located from the deltoid region
Brachial artery: runs across the brachial region of the arm
Ulnar artery: located on the ulna side of the bone (pinky)
Radial artery: located on the radial bone (thumb side)
Legs
Anterior tibia artery: fruns across the tibula the big toe side
fibular artery: runs on the picky toe side which is the fibula side.
Femoral artery: runs across the femer
Heart
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch: branch the the arteries above
Common carotid artery
Ascending aorta: Right and left coronary arteries
Subclavian artery
Veins(to heart)
Torso/hip region
Internal iliac vein: most inner part
External iliac vein: most lateral part
Common iliac vein: located in the pelvic region and then separates into the two below.
Legs
Femoral vein: runs across the femur
Great Saphenous vein: runs from the base of the pelvic region, through he thigh region, and ends at the toes.
Arms
Basilic vein: most inner of brachial region
Brachial vein: runs across the biceps:
Cephalic vein:most lateral in the brachial region
Ulnar vein : on the picky side
Axillary vein: deltoid region
Radial Vein: on the thumb side
Neck/ Base of neck:
Internal jugular vein: from the neck and is most inner
External jugular vein: from neck but most outer part
Heart
Brachiocephalic vein: located by the artery it is also named after
subclavian vein: also next to the artery that has the same name.
Superior vena cava: comes from the top of the heart.
Inferior vena cava: runs across the vertebra n comes from the bottom of the heart
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Capillaries
Wall Type: simple squamous epithelium
Function: nutrients, gases, and waste exchanged between the blood and tissue
Venules
Wall Type:thinner wall, less smooth muscle, and elastic CT
Function: connects capillary to vein
Arterioles
Wall Type: thinner when further from the heart, endothelial lining, smooth muscle tissue, & small CT
Function: connects artery to capillary to control blood flow into capillary by vasoconstrcting or vasodilating
Veins
Wall Type: Thinner wall, thin mid later, and some flaplike valves
Function: transport blood under low pressure from venule to heart and is a blood reservoir
Arteries
Wall Type: Thick three layers; endothelial lining, mid layer of smooth muscle & elastic CT, & outer layer of CT
Function: Takes highly pressured blood from heart to arterioles
wall of artery
Tunica media: thick mid layer made of smooth muscle
Tunica externa: outer CT, thin, and attaches to surrounding tissue
Tunica interna: inner endothelial composed of simple squamous epithelium, prevents clots
Anatomy of the heart
Blood Vessels
pulmonary artery (trunk): takes the O2 poor to the lungs to be taken out of the body
Inferior vena cava: bring O2 poor from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
pulmonary vein: blood from the lungs that is rich in O2 and taken into left atrium
Superior vena cava: bring O2 poor from upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta blood bumps into the body (systemic circuit)
Brachiocephalic trunk: blood to R upper limb and R side of the head
left common carotid artery: left side of the head
Left subclavian artery: left upper limbs
Valves
Pulmonary valve: which blood enters from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
Bicuspid valve: btw left atrium and left ventricle
Tricuspid valve: comes after right atrium & before right ventricle
Aortic valve: which blood enters from left ventricle into the aorta
Chambers
2 upper chambers called atria that receive blood returning to the heart, and have thin walls
2 lower chambers called ventricles which pump blood out of the heart
Structures
Base: is the widest part of the heart
interventricular septum: in the internal part of the heart that separates from left and right
Apex: the tip of the heart or the bottom
interventricular sulcus: external part that separates from right and left (also coronary artery and cardiac vein) and is diagonal we are looking at the anterior view and is straight it is posterior view.
Papillary muscles: attached to the chordae tendinae that contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of the blood through the AV valves
chordae tendinae: string like that are near the valves
ABO, Rh blood types
Rh blood types & info
Antigen D: most common, and present on a persons RBC the blood is Rh positive and if absent blood is Rh negative
If person is Rh negative blood has contact w/ Rh positive the person will develop anti-Rh antibodies and this can happen during transfusion a or pregnacy
Pregnancy: mom is negative and baby is positive and the mother anti-Rh antibodies could attack blood of the baby which is erythroblastosis fetalis
ABO Types
Type AB Blood: both A &B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in plasma making it a universal recipient of blood.
Type O Blood: neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in plasma and is a universal blood donor.
Type B Blood: B antigens on RBC membranes & anti-A antibodies in plasma
ABO Relations
Type B relations
B- relations w/ donor blood: B- & O-
B+ relations w/ donor blood: B+, B-, O-+
Type AB relations
AB- relations w/ donor blood: AB-, A-, B-, & O-
AB+ relations w/ donor blood: AB+-, A+-,B+-, & O+-
Type A relations:
A- relations with donor blood: A- or O-
A+ relations with donor blood: A+, A-, O-, &O+
Type O relations
O- relations w/ donor blood: O-
O+ relations w/ donor blood: O+-
Type A Blood: A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
Structures to Know:
Antigen
;molecule that evokes immune response.
Antibodies
;protein produced by immune system to attack specific antigen not found on the persons's own cells
Blood flow through the heart and body
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
Treatment: blood thinners, physical therapy, surgical intervention, etc.
Symptoms: server headache, memory loss, muscle weakness, confusion, etc.
Cause: blood clot in artery to brain, poor life choices, aneurysm, etc.
Description: blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Fact: Most common long lasting disability from a stroke is Hemiparesis.
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Symptoms: Fever, edema, shortness of breath, fatigue, etc.
Treatment: Antibiotics, reduced activity, pacemaker, implantation, etc.
Cause: virus, bacterial, or fungal infection, heart valve damage, recent surgery, etc.
Description: Inflammation of the heart
Fact: The bacteria that causes the most cases of End & Myo is Haemophilus species
Peripheral Artery Disease
Cause: Blood vessel inflammation, smoking, family history, etc.
Symptoms: leg & arm pain, skin color change, weak pulse, etc.
Description: Arteries narrow & reduce blood flow to extremities
Treatment: Bypass surgery, lifestyle change, thrombolytic therapy, etc.
Fact: Ages 80 of above has largest prevalence of PAD, and men later in years & women earlier in years.
Congenital Hear Disease
Cause: tetalogy of fallot, tricuspid atressia, ebstein anomaly,etc.
Symptoms: death, depeonf on condition, cyanosis common, etc.
Description: Issue with the heart structure or function present from birth
Treatment:: Medication, surgical intervention, abnormalities may heal on their own, etc.
Fact: The most common congenital heart disorder is VSP.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Treatment: Nitroglycerin, thrombolytics, angioplasty, etc.
Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, pain from arm, jaw, abdomen, or back
Cause: blood clot, obesity, high blood pressure, etc.
Description: blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Fact: In the US in 2005 in Texas , Florida, etc 7%-10% occurred
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
BP(blood pressure)
Description: it is the force that blood exerts in the BV it helps move blood and it decrease when further away from the heart
Arterial BP
Factors:
Peripheral resistance: it is the force of friction btw blood and the walls of the BV, and BP has to overcome Pr in order to keep flowing
Viscosity: difficulty w/ molecules in a fluid flow past each other, and the greater it is the greater the resistance to flow and BP
BV: sum of plasma and formed elements, varies w/ age body size and gender, BP is directly proportional to the BV, and Hemorrhage or dehydration lowers the BV & BP
Cardiac output: affects BP, to find it you multiply stroke volume(amount of blood discharged from ventricle w/ each contraction) & heart rate(# of HB per min)
Componets
Facts: sphygmomanometer measures ABP, at rest BP is no greater than 120/80
Diastolic pressure: min BP during relaxation before contraction
Systolic pressure : max BP during contraction
Control BP: emotions, exercise, temperature, arteriolar diameter change, and other peripheral resistance components control BP.
Pulse
Where to check a pulse
Carotid
Popliteal
Brachial
Posterior
Radial
Dorsails
To find your beats per min count how many beats you have in the pulse for 15 s then times that by 4 to get your BPM.
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac Cycle
Heart Rate
Change: HR must change to the bodies needs at one time. For example during excise.
Sympathetic Impulse: HR goes up
Parasympathetic Impulse: HR goes down
How to check HR:
put air pressure on brachial region and pump to systolic blood pressure at 150 once you hear the beat stop mark it and that is your diastolic pressure.
Facts: Avg HR is 70 to 75 bpm, if HR lower than 100 bpm is tachycardia, & greater than 60 bpm is bradycardia
Pressure of Heart:
Venticular diastole
: pressure in atria is greater than ventricles forces the AV valve to open which allows the ventricle to fill with blood. Pressure also cause AV valves to close when the pressure inside is increased and causes aortic and pulmonary valves to open
Ventricular systole
: this is when the papillary muscles contract which pull on the chordae tendineae and prevent back flow of blood, and the blood is pushed out than the pressure drops. When venricular pressure is lower than aorta & pulmonary trunk the semilunar valve closes. Once lower than atrial pressure the AV valves open to start the processes again.
Components
AV Bundle: impulse pass to the bundle and travel down interventricular septum
Bundle Branches: bundles under endocardium
AV Node: impulse to AV bundle which delay single until atria finished its contraction, and located between right and left atrium
Purkinjie fibers: spread impulses to ventricular wall and papaillary muscles
SA Node: self exciting mass as pacemaker and is located posterior R atrium and generates impulse for heartbeat
Description of cardiac cycle: during it the chambers of the heart pressure rise and fall due to the contraction and relaxation of the chambers
ECG
Function: record the electrical changes that occur during the cardiac cycle
Components
QRS complex: shows depolarization of the ventricles that leads to the contraction of the ventricles, repolarization of the atria
T wave: shows ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation
P wave: it is the first wave that shows depolarization of the atria that leads to the contraction of the atria
Heart Sounds
First sound; is a lubb and happens when ventricles contract and AV valves close
Second sound: is a dupp and happens as vents relax and aortic and pulmonary valves close.
Description: sound the hear makes because of the vibrations of heart tissue when the valves open and close and is the sound is a murmur a valve could be damaged.
Layers of the heart
Wall of the Heart
Epicardium: outer layer that decrease friction when the heart contracts
Myocardium: middle layer that hold cardiac muscles to to pump blood out of the heart chambers.
Endocardium: inner layer that contain Purkinje fibers
Covering of the Heart
pericardium that encloses the heart with two portions
Fibrous pericardium: outer layer that is tough and made out of CT
Serous pericardium: inner layer, with layers
Visceral pericardium (epicardium): inner layer that covers the heart.
Pericardial cavity: the space between the two that holds serous fluid so there is less friction on the heart.
Parietal pericardium: outer that lines the fibrous peridardium
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels, and its to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste
O2 poor is carried by systemic circuit is when it drops off O2 and picks up CO2
O2-rich is carried by pulmonary circuit to the lugs, where it picks up O2 and drops off CO2
Left Ventricle
Aorta Valve
Aorta
Upper/Lower Body
Superior/Inferior vena cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
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Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Vein
Lungs