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Cardiovascular System: Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major components and functions of Blood:
Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte):
Description:
Biconcave disc without a nucleus; about one-third hemoglobin
Function:
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cell (Leukocyte):
Function:
Destroys pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and removes worn cells
Granulocytes:
Neutrophil:
Description:
Nucleus with 2-5 lobes, Cytoplasmic granules stain light purple in neutral stain
Function:
Phagocytizes small particles
Eosinophil:
Description:
Nucleus bilobed, cytoplasmic granules stain red in acid stain
Function:
Kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
Basophil
Description:
Nucleus bilobed, cytoplasmic granules stain blue in basic train
Function:
Releases heparin and histamine
Agranulocytes:
(Cytoplasmic granules are absent)
Monocytes:
Description:
2-3 times larger than a red blood cell; nucleus shape varies from spherical to lobed
Function:
Phagocytizes large particles
Lymphocytes:
Description:
One slightly larger than a red blood cell; its nucleus nearly fills cell
Function:
Provides immunity
Platelet (Thrombocyte):
Description:
Cellular fragment
Function:
Helps control loss from broken vessels
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO Blood Types:
Type A:
Antigen:
A
Antibody:
Anti-B
Type B:
Antigen:
B
Antibody:
Anti-A
Type AB:
Antigen:
A and B
Antibody:
Neither anti-A nor anti-B
Type O:
Antigen:
Neither A nor B
Antibody:
Both anti-A and anti-B
Rh Blood Types:
Type: A+
Can give to:
A+, B+
Can receive from:
A+, A-, O+, O-
Type: B+
Can give to:
B+, AB+
Can receive From:
B+. B-, O+, O-
Type: AB+
Can give to:
AB+
Can receive from:
All blood types
Type: O+
Can give to:
A+, B+, AB+, O+
Can receive from:
O+, O-
Type: A-
Can give to:
A-, AB-, A+, AB+
Can receive from:
A-, O-
Type: B-
Can give to:
B-, AB-, B+, AB+
Can receive from:
B-, O-
Type: AB-
Can give to:
AB-, AB+
Can receive from:
AB-, O-
Type: O-
Can give to:
All blood types
Can receive from:
O-
Major functions of the cardiovascular system:
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Protect the body from infection and blood loss
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Helps the body maintain a constant body temperature
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside: Helps maintain fluid balance within the body
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves):
Chambers:
-Atria:
2 upper chambers (Left and Right atrium)
-Ventricles:
2 lower chambers (Left and Right ventricles
Valves:
Tricuspid Valve
Location:
-Opening between right atrium and right ventricle
Function:
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Pulmonary Valve:
Location:
-Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Function:
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve:
Location:
-Opening between left atrium and left ventricle
Function:
-Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
Aortic Valve:
Location:
-Entrance to aorta
Function:
-Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Layers of the heart:
Myocardium:
The middle layer
, consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer which pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium:
The inner layer
, made up of connective tissue and epithelium, continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart which contains the Purkinje fibers
Epicardium (visceral pericardium):
The outermost layer
, a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium which decreases friction in the heart
Blood flow through the heart and body:
Inferior Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Artery
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
1 more item...
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types:
(arteries, veins, capillaries)
Capillary:
Characteristics:
-Single layer of squamous epithelium
Function:
Allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule
Vein:
Characteristics:
-Thinner than an artery
-Consists of layers like artery but the vein middle layer is much thinner and some veins have flaplike valves.
Function:
Transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart, valves prevent back backflow of blood and serves as a blood reservoir.
Arteriole:
Characteristics:
-Thin
-Consists of three layer: Endothelial lining, some smooth muscle tissue and small amount of connective tissue
Function:
Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating
Venule:
Characteristics:
-Thinner wall than in an arteriole
-Less smooth muscle
-Elastic connective tissue
Functions:
Connects a capillary to a vein
Artery:
Characteristics:
-Thick
-Strong
-Consists of three layers: Endothelial lining, middle layer of Smooth muscle/elastic connective tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue
Function:
Transports blood under relatively high pressure from the heart to arterioles
Cardiac cycle and the ECG:
Cardiac Cycle:
-First:
The atria contract (Atrial systole), while ventricles relax (ventricular diastole).
-Second:
The ventricles contract (ventricular systole), while the atria relax (atrial diastole).
-Third:
The entire heart relaxes from a brief moment
ECG:
P wave:
-First wave
-Corresponds to the depolarization of the atria
-Leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex:
-Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles
-Leads to the contraction of the ventricles
-The repolarization of the atria occurs
T Wave:
-Corresponds to the ventricular repolarization
-Leads to the ventricular relaxation
Major blood vessels:
(arteries and veins)
Arteries:
Right Coronary Artery
Location:
-Emerges from the aorta into the AV groove
Function:
-Supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, SA and AV nodes to help regulate the heart rhythm
Left Coronary Artery:
Location:
-Emerges from the aorta through the ostia of the left aortic cusp
Function:
Supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle
Circumflex Artery:
Location:
-Branches off the left coronary artery and encircles the heart muscle
Function:
Supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart
Left Anterior Descending Artery:
Function:
-Supplies the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum
Vital signs:
(BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure (BP):
-Forces blood exerts against the inner wall of blood vessels
-A BP of no greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) at rest is considered normal
-BP decreases as distance from the left ventricle increases
-BP is determined by cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR)
BP= CO x PR
Pulse:
-Pulse is your heart rate aka the number of times your heart beats per minute
-Pulse can be measured in the radial artery in your wrist or the carotid artery in the neck
-Measure pulse by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds and multiply the amount by 4 to calculate the BPM
Disorders of the cardiovascular system:
Coronary Thrombus:
Clot in a vessel that supplies the heart
Pulmonary Embolism:
Traveling blood clot that blocks part of a lung
Infarction:
Clot that blocks blood flow and kills tissue supplied by that vessel; myocardial infarction is a heart attack
Atherosclerosis:
Build-up fatty deposits in a wall of arteries which may lead to abnormal blood clots