Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Collectivization and Hundred Flowers ! ! ! hundred, Chapter 10: the…

- - - - Faults?
        
        The rapid transition meant great organizational difficulties on the collectives
        
        The long-term economic planning over things such as distribution of crops, capital investment after state tax, grain delivery obligations
        =Led to conflict in managment rural vs urban
        
        Confusion/Uncertainty over the care of cattle led to cattle perishing at the hands of inadequate care
        
        New unfamiliar tasks of economic management like the "work points" system that led to great quarrel among managment
      - What is meant by 'blossomed'?
        
        The quick widespread implementation of collective farms
        
        The Party removed social class barriers in admissions to collectives in order to ensure that rich peasants do not keep their economic dominance over other peasants = Converted most rich
        peasants/ex-landlords into ->ordinary peasants ,Virtually
        all rural inhabitants became -> members of collectives
        
        90% of the rural population (100.000.000 peasant households) were members of around 485.000 collective Farms (higher-stage agricultural producer collectives) by the end of 1956 summer (P.151)
        
        Collectives experienced rapid transition from 'elementary' ->
        'semi-socialist' -> 'advanced'
        
        Rapid transition aided by government giving financial aid to advance collectives
        
        'The rapidity of the transition..whose dynamism surprised even
        the most radical leaders in Beijing." P.151
        =because total collectivization meant that peasant families had to surrender all private ownership of land.
      - Benefits of the rapid collectivization of China and the Objectives achieved
        
        Decrease in the economic inequality of rural areas
        
        Done through the abolition of private ownership of; the means of production, land, large agricultural tools, implements, draft animals = General leveling of peasant income
        
        Greater control over agricultural production
        
        Establishment of a nationwide network of collective farms
        =This allowed for easier tax collection/grain collection and a more stable supply of food for the urban population/
        stable revenue to finance urban industrialization
        
        Technological improvement
        
        Large-scale collective farming allows for easier diffusion of technological knowledge/introduction of new agricultural technologies = Seen in 1956, parallel to the establishment of
        collectives, things like double-wheel, blade plough, double-
        cropping, dose-planting were introduced among collectives.
  - - - P155 “Collectivization brought neither the economic disaster some feared nor the economic growth its advocates anticipated.”
  - - - Trust in the party
        
        -For poor peasants, the collectivization campaign showed them a level of trust they can place in the Party
        
        It was the party that redistributed land with their land reform
        
        Promise of great economic benefits for all to be shared in a cooperative social environment
        
        Years following the land reform, party policy worked to advantage the poor peasants even if it was to the detriment of trade/money-lending activities of wealthier producers.
        
        It was the Party and their land reform movement that destroyed the 'old parasitic landlord class'
    - - There was minor opposition against collectivisation
        
        Scatter reports of sabotage by former landlords/rich peasants
        
        Reports of the slaughter of cattle
        
        BUT there was no clear sign of violent resistance and the state refrained from employing force
        
        Non-violent opposition instead, like withholding of labor efforts, withdrawals from organizations, disbandment of collective farms. Movement of peasants to cities.
    - - The peasant cooperation proved to be vital in the success of Chinese collectivization
        
        The demands of peasants for social leveling illustrated by the willingness to follow the principle of the surrender of all ownership of land = facilitated the process of collective farms
        
        "While rich and upper-middle peasants, who constituted about 20 percent of the rural population, were less than enthusiastic about being reduced to the status of ordinary peasants, they peacefully submitted to overwhehning economic, social, and political pressures." P.152
        
        The peaceful submission of the rich/upper-middle peasants allowed for a non violent transititon -> increasing support of the people
  - - - But the richer peasants didn’t want to work with the poor ones → use of force to turn landlords into peasants.
        
        In 1954 lower cooperatives were increased.
    - - By the end of 1952, 40% of peasant households had joined mutual aid teams and the figure had grown to approximately 65% in early 1955. By mid-1955, about 15% of the peasants had joined the lower cooperatives.
    - - In place of the goal of 1,000,000 cooperative farms to be established by the end of 1957, Mao demanded an additional 300,000 cooperatives and moved up the timetable to the autumn of 1956.
    - - According to Mao Zedong's later account, the decision of October 1954 was to increase the number of lower-stage cooperatives sixfold, from 100,000 to 600,000. And again according to Mao, that target had been achieved by June of 1955, when there were some 650,000 cooperative farms in operation comprising 16,900,000 of China's 110,000,000
  - - - Under the First Five Year Plan, less than 10 % of state investment for development went to the agrarian sector.
      - 90% of the rural population (100.000.000 peasant households) were members of around 485.000 collective Farms (higher-stage agricultural producer collectives) by the end of summer in 1956
- - - - P167 : Intellectual repression was becoming an economic liability
      - P166 : As industrialization proceeded, a more rapid development of scientific and technological research-and the creation of a larger and better trained technological intelligentsia were required.
    - - Oppression of intellectuals was common in the period between 1949~1956.
        
        Sufan campaign
        
        Imprisonment of Hu Feng In 1955
        
        P166 : The constitution of the People's Republic, promulgated in 1954, formally guaranteed the citizens of China freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press.
  - - - In 1957 there were more intellectuals in China's "party of the proletariat" than there were working class members.
    - - P174 "History shows," Lu Dingyi observed, "that unless independent thinking and free discussion are encouraged, academic life stagnates."
      - After Zhou's call to remove barriers for the recruitment of intellectuals into the Party, there was a 50 % increase in the number of intellectuals in the Party over the next year.
  - - - Between 1957-1958 1 million party members had been expelled. This environment gave Mao the upper hand in the party apparatus since no one dared to advocate capitalist ideas
    - - Mao preferred a radical abandonment of the Soviet model
        
        P170 : (Mao's economic policy) The rapid socialist reorganization of society was to be combined with rapid economic development, and industry was to develop simultaneously with agriculture in a decentralized fashion and through a populist reliance on the initiative of the masses.
  - - - The gainings for Mao
        
        Grows even more in the eyes of the people
        
        The anti rightist campain
        
        Gains more power in the party
        
        Between 1957-1958 1 million party members had been expelled
      - Questioning the partys leadership
        
        Creates gap bwtween Mao and the party
        
        The intellectualls dont like the movement
        
        A dangerous tendency has shown itself of late among many of our personnel...An unwillingness to share the joys and hardships of the masses, a concern for personal position and gain - Mao
    - - More fredome
      - The right to criticism
      - "freedome of speach"