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Short term memory, Working model of memory, Eyewitnesses, Long Term memory…
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Working model of memory
- First advanced model of memory- WMM highly influential, most cognitive psychologists use in preference to MSM. More comprehensive explanation compared to unity stores
- KF- visual and acoustic separation of STM and LTM
- Badly and Hitch- Dual task studies, central executive was fighting to work both slave systems.
- Role of central executive unclear- little research to show how works or what is does only specified about "attention". Cannot be used to explain experimental results therefore can't be fully explained.
- Does not explain extreme cases of brain damage, has no control variables and we never have a base point of knowledge of memory.
- Fails to explain musical memory, we are able to listen to music without impairing other acoustic tasks without impairing the phonological loop.
- Clive wearing had difficulty remembering his wedding (episodic)
Eyewitnesses
Eyewitness testimony: an account given by people of an event they have witnessed, this includes identification of perpetrators etc, often in police investigations as evidence in court. Relies upon accurate memory
Leading question- is a question that suggests a desired answer or leads a witness to believe ss desired answer, they are closed and are by form or consent.
- Loftus and Palmer, application to investigations and the danger of the accuracy, courtrooms are meant to be fair.
- Lab experiments, artificial and less anxiety, demand characteristics, ignores other factors.
- Sample bias, misleading info and culture bias.
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Gabbert et al, replication using videos. - Low ecological validity, known to be part of experiment- demand characteristics alters reliability of results.
- Good population validity, two different groups
Anxiety and EWT: unpleasant emotional state followed by physiological arousal. Loftus weapon effect, focus towards fearful object
IV- condition (pen or knife)
DV- indetification.
Independent measures have been used in a lab experiment.
- deception.
- lacks mundane realism, high ecological validity, demand characteristics
Cognitive interview: Fisher. In past police interviews people felt they were bombarded and couldn't talk freely, this would've interrupted their train of thought and would not have been in synch with the memory. It didn't allow for justification.
special cognitive approach uses CROP- context reinstatement, report everything, change in recall order, change in perspective. This increases the recall and helps build a better case.
but,
- takes time
- specialist training
- is more effective with children than adults.
Long Term memory
Central executive: Capacity is limited, can't hold much at once due to negotiating Tass to each slave system.-> One of the tree slave stores.
The phonological loop: It has limited capacity and decay of 1.5 secs unless maintained by articulacy control system. Deals with auditory info, acoustically and preserves the order- phonological store is the inner ear. Articulatory control system- inner voice allows for maintenance rehersal in your head.
Episodic buffer: Integrates all over info to send to LTM, General storage, 4 chunks.
The visual-spatial sketchpad: Inner eye- visual and spatial tasks (3-4 items)Inner scribe: Deals with partial tasks (planning routes) Visual cache: stores visual info
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Types: Semantic: Memory for facts and knowledge.
Episodic: Personal memories of events and experiences in a specific time.
Procedural: skills and behaviours.
Semantic and episodic are declarative- memory we have for events and facts.
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Forgetting:
Retroactive: recent memories interfering with old memories.
Proactive: past memories interfering with recent memories.
Support from lab experiments, but they use artificial materials showing a greater chance of interference, studies overestimate the major effect of interference or unmajor.
Cues: We store information using cues- info around us, emotions and location. If cues are not there it will be difficult to retrieve. The more exposed cues the more likely to remember.
context dependent cues: environemnt
state dependent cues: internal
- Real world application- cues provide memories- credibility to theory, empirical data, validity.
- context effects are not very strong, context has to be very different to explain, cannot explain real life.