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Mindmap of Specialist content (TIMBERS) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - All oak species are strong, hard, heavy and dense with very close grain and, due to their high tannin content, they are very resistant to insect and fungal infestations. Uses: Oak is commonly used for furniture, joinery, flooring, panelling, decking and veneers.
    - - ash
        
        Common Name(s): White Ash, American White Ash.
        
        Distribution: Eastern North America.
        
        Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 2-5 ft (.6-1.5 m) trunk diameter.
        
        Janka Hardness: 1,320 lbf (5,870 N)
        
        Modulus of Rupture: 15,000 lbf/in2 (103.5 MPa)
        
        Crushing Strength: 7,410 lbf/in2 (51.1 MPa)
    - - Walnut wood is hard, heavy, and resilient, capable of resisting warping and suffering very little shrinkage. The grain is irregular but typically straight with a medium texture. The endgrain is semi-porous with distinct growth rings. Although susceptible to insects, English Walnut is quite resistant to decay
    - - mayple
        
        Wood Type: Hardwood.
        
        Durability: Slightly durable.
        
        Treatability: Difficult.
        
        Moisture Movement: Medium.
        
        Abrasions: Very good.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 740.
        
        Texture: Fine.
        
        Availability: Available at specialist timber merchant.
    - - beach
        
        Wood Type: Hardwood.
        
        Durability: Not durable.
        
        Treatability: Easy.
        
        Moisture Movement: Large.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 720.
        
        Texture: Fine.
        
        Availability: Readily available at timber merchant.
        
        Price: Low.
  - - - pine
        
        Wood Type: Softwood.
        
        Durability: Slightly durable.
        
        Treatability: Extremely difficult, Easy (Sapwood)
        
        Moisture Movement: Medium.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 670 (Density can vary by 20% or more)
        
        Texture: Medium.
        
        Availability: Readily available at timber merchant.
        
        Price: Medium.
    - - redwood
        
        Wood Type: Softwood.
        
        Durability: Slightly durable.
        
        Treatability: Extremely difficult, Easy (Sapwood)
        
        Moisture Movement: Medium.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 510.
        
        Texture: Medium.
        
        Availability: Readily available at timber merchant.
        
        Price: Low.
    - - larch
        
        Wood Type: Softwood.
        
        Durability: Slightly durable, Moderately durable.
        
        Treatability: Extremely difficult, Moderately easy (Sapwood - Larch sapwood treatability may vary)
        
        Moisture Movement: Small.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 550.
        
        Texture: Fine.
        
        Availability: Readily available at timber merchant.
        
        Price: Low.
    - - larch
        
        Wood Type: Softwood.
        
        Durability: Moderately durable, Slightly durable (Homegrown timber)
        
        Treatability: Extremely difficult, Difficult (Sapwood)
        
        Moisture Movement: Small.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 530.
        
        Texture: Medium.
        
        Availability: Readily available at timber merchant.
        
        Price: Medium.
    - - cedar
        
        Wood Type: Softwood.
        
        Durability: Durable.
        
        Treatability: DIfficult.
        
        Moisture Movement: Medium.
        
        Density (mean, Kg/m³): 580.
        
        Texture: Medium to fine, straight grained.
        
        Availability: Limited availability at specialist timber merchant.
        
        Price: Low.
  - - - plywood
        
        High Strength and Dimensional Stability. Plywood derives its structural strength from the timber from which it is manufactured.
        
        High Impact Resistance.
        
        Panel Shear or Braced Panels Shear.
        
        Water and Chemical Resistance.
        
        Flexibility or Bendability.
        
        Fire Resistance.
        
        Sound and Thermal Insulation.
    - - MDF
        
        Internal bond strength.
        
        Modulus of rupture.
        
        Modulus of elasticity.
        
        Thickness.
        
        Elasticity.
        
        Water absorption.
        
        Swelling.
    - - Because of its low cost, chipboard is commonly used to build low-cost indoor furniture, especially the kind shipped in a flat-pack. High-density chipboard is rigid, durable, heavy, and even flame-retardant, making it a useful, yet inexpensive material.
    - - The panel has a dark brown colouring. Its properties can be influenced through the addition of additional bonding agents. Hardboards principle advantages are its stable form, light weight, resilience and low cost. Hardboard is also available with film coatings e.g. in white or with wood patterning.
    - - veneer
        
        Types of wood.
        
        Growth features.
        
        Color of wood.
        
        Structure of wood.
        
        Sustainability.
        
        Fire safety.
        
        Sound insulation.
        
        Moisture resistance.
- - - - Wind Cracks in Timber
        If the wood is exposed continuously to the high-speed winds, the outer surface shrinks and forms crack externally, which are called wind cracks.
    - - Shakes are nothing but cracks which separate the wood fibers partly or completely.
    - - Twisted Fibers in Timbers
        When the tree in its younger age is exposed to high-speed winds, the fibers of wood gets twisted. This type of wood is not suitable for sawing. So, this can be used for making poles, posts, etc.
    - - Rind Galls
        Rind galls are curved swellings of trees which are formed at a point where a branch of the tress is improperly removed or fell down.
    - - Burls
        Burls are uneven projections on the body of the tree during its growth. These are mainly due to the effect of shocks and injuries received by the tree during its young age.
    - - Water Stain
        When the wood is in contact with water for some time, the water will damage the color of the wood and forms a stain on its surface. This defect is called as water stain.
    - - Chemical Stain
        Chemical stain is formed on the wood by the action of any external chemical agents like reaction by the gases present in the atmosphere etc. The stain area gets discolored in this defect
    - - Dead Wood
        The wood obtained from the cutting of the dead tree is light in weight and is actually defected. It is reddish in color and its strength is very less.
    - - Knots in Timber
        The central part or stem of a tree is majorly used in the conversion of timber. Branches from the stem are removed, and the whole rounded stem is taken. But the base of branches forms a mark on the stem, which results in dark-colored stains on the surface after conversion. This dark-colored stains are due to the continuity of wood fibers. These dark-colored rings are known as knots.
    - - Coarse Grain Defect in Timber
        The age of a tree can be known by the number of annual rings. For fast-growing trees, the gap between the annual rings is very large. This type of tree is called as coarse-grained tress, and timber obtained from them is of less strength.
    - - Timber Foxiness
        When the timber is stored without proper ventilation, the trees growing near the banks of water bodies and over matured trees may exhibit this type of defect. Foxiness is generally indicated by red or yellow spots.
    - - Druxiness
        Druxiness is a defect of timber in which the top surface of timber indicates white spots. These spots will give the access to fungi.
    - - Callus
        The wound of the tree is covered by soft skin, which is called a callus.
  - - - Dry Rot in Timber
        Dry rot is caused by a certain type of fungi that eats wood for their living. They make food by converting timber into dry powder form. This occurs mainly when there is no ventilation of air or if the wood improperly seasoned. Absence of sunlight, dampness, presence of sap will increase the growth of dry rot, causing fungi. This can be prevented by using well-seasoned wood and also by painting the timber surface with copper sulfate.
    - - Wet Rot in Timber
        Wet rot is caused by fungi that decompose the timber and convert it into a grayish-brown powder form. Wet rot causing fungi growths mainly when there are alternate dry and wet conditions of timber.
    - - Brown Rot in Timber
        The cellulose compounds of the wood are consumed by certain types of fungi, which then makes the wood brownish, and this defect is called brown rot.
    - - White Rot in Timber
        Some types of fungi attack lignin of timber and leaves cellulose compounds; hence the wood will turn into white color, which is called white rot.
    - - Blue Stain in Timber
        Blue stain is a defect caused by some kind of fungi, which makes the timber bluish.
    - - Heart Rot in Timber
        Heart rot is generated in the trees when fungi attack the heartwood through its newly formed branch. This type of fungi makes the tree hollow by consuming heartwood. This defect is known as heart rot.
    - - Sap Stain in Timber
        When the moisture content in the timber is more than 25%, some types of fungi attack the sapwood and make it discolored. This type of defect is known as a sap stain.
  - - - When the converted timber is stored for a longer time, some timber planks may have a curve along its length, which is known as Bow.
    - - If the timber planks curve along its width, then it is called Cupping of timber.
    - - Check is the formation of a crack in the wood, which will separate the wood fibers. They form due to over seasoning of timber.
    - - Split forms when a check extends from one end to the other end, which will split the wood into a number of pieces.
    - - Twist forms when the timber piece is distorted spirally along its length. It looks like a propeller blade after twisting.
    - - Honey combing occurs in the inner part of the timber, which cannot be identified by just seeing. It is mainly due to stresses developed during the drying of timber.
    - - Case is nothing but the top surface of wood, which dries rapidly during seasoning, but the inner part didn’t. Then this defect is called as case hardening.
    - - During drying, some parts of the wood may dry rapidly while some may not. Because of this, improper drying shrinkage of wood occurs, that results in the defect called collapse.
    - - Warping is the loss of shape of wood due to stresses developed during drying. Cupping bowing, twisting of wood come under warping.
    - - Radial shakes develop after the tree being felled down and exposed to the sun for seasoning. In this case, the cracks run radially from bark to the pith through annual rings.
  - - - During the conversion of timber, different cutting saws are used. The cutting should be done properly. If there is any improper cutting by the saw, then a diagonal grains will appear.
    - - In the conversion, many tools are used. If any of the tools or any other heavy things are dropped accidentally on the finished surface of timber it will cause small depression, which is called torn grain.
    - - When the timber is cut through the planning machine, the parts of the machine may form chip marks on it. Usually, they are indicated by chips on the finished surface.
    - - The edge part of the timber log contains a rounded edge on one side because of its original rounded surface. This rounded edge is called wane.
  - - - Termites also known as white ants which form a colony inside the timber and eat the core part of the timber rapidly. They do not disturb the outer layer of timber, so one cannot identify their presence. The trees in tropical and sub-tropical regions are mostly affected by these termites. However, some trees like teak, Sal, etc. cannot be attacked by termites because of the presence of termite preventing chemicals in their cellulose part.
    - - Beetles are a type of insects that destroy the sapwood of the tree and make a tunnel-like hole from the bark. Usually, the diameter of the hole is around 2 mm. They convert sapwood into powder form, and larvae of these beetles use these holes. Almost all hardwood trees can be prone to damage by these beetles.
    - - Marine borers are found near coastal areas. They do not consume wood, but they make large holes of diameter up to 25mm in the timber to live inside it. They excavated up to 60mm deep in the wood. The wood attacked by marine borers is of less strength and discolored. They can attack all types of trees present in their region.