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Neural control and coordination - Coggle Diagram
Neural control and coordination
Transmission of nerve impulses
The action potential reaches the synapses and opens the calcium gated channels which let calcium ions to enter and thus causing the neurotransmitters-containing synaptic vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis.
These neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and attach to neurotransmitters which can either send excitatory or inhibitory potentials which can either spring the up the action potential or just left ignored.
The neurotransmitters attach to ligand-gated ion channels.
Once neurotransmission has occurred, neurotransmitters must be removed from the synaptic cleft so the post synaptic cleft can be ready for another signal
This can be done in three ways
Degradation by enzymes
Diffuse away
reuptake into the presynaptic neuron
Types of nervous system
CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
Motor Division
Somatic System
Connected to skeletal muscle
Relays the orders given to contract muscles during innate reflexes
Resposible for innate reflexes
Autonomic system
Sympathetic system
Prepares the body for fight or flight mode
Deals with emergency situations
For example when you have clammy palms or heart racing when you have to give a speech
Parasympathetic system
Controls Involuntary actions such as digestion of food
It calms the body and controls involuntary actions that are not emergencies
Sensory Division
Afferent fibers relay sensory information
reflex action and reflex arc
The afferent send sensory information to the CNS and then the interneuron gives orders to the efferent neurons to
The ear
The eardrum or tympanic membrane receives vibrations which is connected to the Malleus, it moves forward and backward and connected to the Incus and stape sending the vibrations to the superior oval window and into the cochlea
The cochlea also called the labyrinth contains fluid
Generation and conduction of Nerve impulse
The sodium and potassium ions cause a gradient at -70mv called the resting potential. when a stimulus is provided gated-channels open up for sodium to enter the cell. If the potential reaches -55mv then the voltage gated sodium channels will open, depolarizing the membrane until 40mv.
When a few in one are open they can change the voltage around them. Causing a current to travel inwards from A to B till the Synapses.
The potassium channels open to repolarize to try to bring it back to it's resting potential but it goes to far and brings it to -75mv this is called hyperpolarization. The sodium-potassium pumps take over and brings it back to it's resting potential
Myelinated axons can travel faster as the current can leap through gaps called the Nodes of Ranvier.
Unmyelinated axons take longer compared to it because it has to travel longer.
The eye
