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Medication - Supporting and Assisting - Coggle Diagram

- - - - doctors – such as your GP or a hospital doctor
      - dentists – who may prescribe medication to treat a condition affecting your teeth
      - nurse independent prescribers – who can prescribe any medicine for any medical condition within their competence, including some controlled medicines under the Misuse of Drugs legislation (with the exception of diamorphine, cocaine and dipipanone for the treatment of addiction)
      - pharmacist independent prescribers – who can prescribe any medicine for any medical condition within their competence, including some controlled medicines (except diamorphine, cocaine and dipipanone for the treatment of addiction)
      - optometrist independent prescribers – who can prescribe any medicine for conditions that affect the eye and surrounding tissue, but can't prescribe any controlled medicines independently
      - physiotherapists – healthcare professionals who use physical techniques, such as massage and manipulation, to promote healing
      - podiatrists – foot care specialists
      - therapeutic radiologists – specialists in using radiation to treat cancer and some other medical conditions
    - - nurses/midwives
      - pharmacists
      - diagnostic radiographers – specialists in using medical imaging techniques, such as X-rays
      - therapeutic radiographers
      - optometrists – healthcare professionals who examine eyes, test sight, and prescribe and dispense glasses and contact lenses
      - dietitians
  - - - Patient's name & address
      - Drug name & strength
      - When to take the drug
      - How much to dispense
      - Prescriber's signature
      - Prescriber's address
  - - - Check the prescription is valid
      - Accurately dispense the medication
      - Legally label the container
- - - - This is the official medical name for the active ingredient in the medicine.
        
        ibuprofen
        
        paracetamol
        
        Vacuum
      - generic names don't unless capital letter they are at the beginning of a sentence.
    - - This is the chosen trade name by a manufacturer who is marketing and selling the active ingredient.
        
        Nurofen
        
        Hoover
      - Brand names usually have a capital letter
  - - - an elixir
      - a mixture
      - a suspension
      - a solution
      - or a syrup
    - - These are often used where the active part of the medicine works best if it reaches the affected area directly.
        
        nose
        
        ears
        
        eyes
    - - Hard shelled capsules contain powder or mini pellets.
      - Soft shelled capsules are made of a gelling agent to contain oils or liquids.
    - - These are inhaled via the mouth and deliver the medication directly to the lungs.
        
        Relievers: Most commonly salbutamol. These open narrowed bronchioles quickly making it easier to breathe.
        
        Preventers: These contain steroids which reduce inflammation and mucus, and make lungs less sensitive to triggers.
        
        Protectors: Long-acting reliever drugs and last about 12 hours. These contain steroids which reduce inflammation and mucus, and make lungs less sensitive to triggers.
    - - Made of compacted powder. Some have a polymer coat to make them smoother and easier to swallow. Tablets may come in a variety of forms, colours and shapes.
        
        Sugar (enteric) coated protect the stomach from the adverse effects of the medicine. It is absorbed after it has gone through the stomach.
        
        Slow, modified or controlled release. These are released gradually over a period of time. These should never be crushed or opened.
        
        Chewable. Used when tablets are too big to swallow.
        
        Dispersible or soluble. These are easier to take when dissolved in water.
        
        Sublingual. These are placed under the tongue to dissolve. Here there are lots of blood vessels so that the pain can be relieved quickly, for example, angina pain.
        
        Buccal. These are placed between the gum and the upper lip so that it will dissolve quickly and be immediately absorbed into the blood stream.
    - - There are various types of injection, differing in how and where it is injected.
        
        Intramuscular (IM) injections are given into a muscle.
        
        Intrathecal injections are given into the fluid around the spinal cord.
        
        Subcutaneous (SC) injections are given just under the surface of the skin.
        
        Intravenous (IV) injections are given into a vein.
    - - Some medicines are absorbed by the body through the skin, such as nicotine patches for help in giving up smoking or contraceptive implants.
    - - The active part of the medicine is combined with another substance and pressed into a ‘bullet shape’ so it can be inserted into the rectum (back passage). Suppositories must not be taken orally by the mouth.
    - - These are creams, lotions or ointments that are applied directly onto the skin.
      - They come in tubs, bottles or tubes depending on the type of medicine.
- - - - Subcutaneous medications injected just beneath the skin.
    - - a feeding tube surgically placed through the skin and into stomach to give nutrients and fluids.
    - - Per vagina - pessaries, creams etc. given into the vagina.
    - - Breathed in via a mask over the mouth.
    - - Rectal medications are absorbed very quickly and are given into the rectum, for example, enemas, rectal diazepam.
- - - - Stiffness
      - Drowsiness
      - Diarrhoea
      - Headaches
      - Sleep disturbance
      - Breathing difficulties
      - Hallucinations
      - Choking (choque anafilatico)
      - Weight change (mudanca de peso)
      - Dizziness
      - Falling
      - Nausea or vomiting
      - Swelling (inchaco)
      - Rashes (intoxicacao)
      - Constipation
    - - Allergic response
      - Incorrect self-medication
      - Wrong drug or dose
      - Not following instructions
      - Wrong diagnosis
      - A reaction to another medication
      - Counterfeit medication
      - Medication reactions with foods
- - - - Treatment for: To control high blood pressure and help with heart conditions
      - Potential Side Effects: ACE inhibitors can cause unpredictable effects if taken with other medications, including some over-the-counter ones. Other side effects could be; feeling drowsy, pain in kidney area, dry cough, dizziness, skin rash, swelling of feet.
    - - Treatment for: To relieve allergies
      - Potential Side Effects: Older types of antihistamines, such as chlorphenamine (Piriton) can cause; drowsiness, impaired thinking, dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, urinary retention. Newer antihistamines are less likely to cause drowsiness, but may cause headaches, dry mouth, dry nose and feeling sick.
    - - Treatment for: Depression
      - Potential Side Effects: Common side effects include: blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, increased appetite, nausea, restlessness, shaking or trembling, and difficulty sleeping. Other side effects include: dry mouth, constipation, and sweating.
    - - Treatment for: To reduce swelling
      - Potential Side Effects: They affect the gastrointestinal tract with long-term use.
    - - Treatment for: Epilepsy
      - Potential Side Effects: Valproate can be harmful to unborn babies. Carbamazepine and lamotrigine often cause side effects, which include: tiredness and sleepiness, dizziness, concentration or memory problems, confusion, sickness, double vision, reduced white blood cells and allergic skin reactions
    - - Treatment for: Some mental health conditions
      - Potential Side Effects: The side effects of typical antipsychotics may include: shaking, trembling, muscle twitches, muscle spasms. Side effects of both typical and atypical antipsychotics may include: drowsiness, weight gain, blurred vision, constipation, lack of sex drive, dry mouth.
    - - Treatment for: Prevention of thrombosis
      - Potential Side Effects: Warfarin thins the blood so can increase bruising and bleeding, which can be severe or life-threatening. Regular blood tests are required. Aspirin may cause gastric irritation, stomach ulcers and bleeding.
    - - Treatment for: To relieve or prevent asthma
      - Relievers have few side effects, but high doses may cause; a mild shaking of the hands, headaches and muscle cramps. Preventers have few side effects, but high doses may cause; fungal infection of the mouth or throat, hoarseness and sore throats.
    - - Treatment for: Infections caused by bacteria
      - Potential Side Effects: Diarrhoea, feeling sick and vomiting are the most common side effects.
    - - Treatment for: Excess fluid
      - Potential Side Effects: Diuretics may cause side effects such as: mild tummy upset, dry mouth, rashes, headaches, sudden blood pressure drop, dizziness, confusion.
    - - Treatment for: Pain relief
      - Potential Side Effects: Over use or prolonged use can cause; nausea and vomiting, stomach ulcers, decreased appetite, constipation or diarrhoea, chronic headaches, abdominal pain, kidney damage, aggravation of asthma, dizziness, skin rashes and heartburn.
    - - Treatment for: Constipation
      - Potential Side Effects: The specific side effects depend on the exact medication, but common side effects of most laxatives include: bloating, flatulence, painful abdominal cramps, feeling sick, and dehydration.
    - - Treatment for: Insomnia
      - Potential Side Effects: They can cause drowsiness in the morning. Long-term treatment is not recommended because they can become less effective over time and some people become dependent upon them.
    - - Potential Side Effects: Addiction to these can happen if taken over a long period of time. These can cause: sleep disturbances, increased appetite, mood changes, and sickness.
      - Treatment for: Hormone therapy and insulin for diabetes
- - - - Pharmacists are able to recommend and sell certain medicines which are not generally available over the counter.
    - - Considered by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to be safe enough to be sold from a shop or supermarket.
      - Sometimes the pack size and strength is lower than those available as P or POM.
    - - Can only be legally acquired with a legal and valid prescription from an authorised prescriber, also known as an appropriate practitioner.
  - - - Lower abuse
        Medical use and moderate dependency risk.
    - - Limited abuse
        High medical use, limited dependency risk.
    - - High abuse
        Some medical use, high risk of dependency.
    - - Minor Problems
    - - High abuse
        
        No recognised medicinal use and have the highest level of control.
        
        Legislation specifies who can produce, possess and supply these drugs and how they should be stored, administered and destroyed.
  - - - Amphetamines
      - Barbiturates
      - Cannabis
      - Codeine
      - Ketamine
      - Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
      - Synthetic cannabinoids
      - Synthetic cathinones (Mephedrone, Methoxetamine)
    - - Anabolic steroids
      - Benzodiazepines (Diazepam / Tranquillisers)
      - Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
      - Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)
      - Piperazines (BZP)
      - Khat
    - - Diamorphine (heroine)
      - Crack cocaine
      - Cocaine
      - Ecstasy (MDMA)
      - LSD
      - Magic mushrooms
      - Methadone
      - Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth)