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ART IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY, image, image, image, image,…
ART IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Art reflected the economic, technological and social changes
New architectural tendencies made use of materials provided by the new industries such as steel and concrete.
Cast iron architecture
is a form of architecture prominent between 1850 and 1890, which used iron as a building material
to build the Eiffel Tower in Paris designed by Gustave Eiffel
In Spain, Velázquez Bosco built the Crystal Palace in Madrid with a cast-iron structure and glass walls.
The iron and steel industry produced cast-iron, which allowed the construction of large buildings with fewer supports.
Modernist Architecture
a new architectural style developed in Europe, called Modernist architecture (1890-1920)
Used new materials such as iron reinforced concrete and glass as construction and decorative materials.
Modernist architects designed every aspect of the building
including interior and exterior elements, such as furniture and balconies.
Curves and wavy lines were the predominant feature, with organic motifs, such as flowers and leaves.
In Europe, the Paris metro entrances were designed by Modernist architect Hector Guimard.
In Spain, Antonio Gaudí (1852–1926) practised complete creative liberty
he designed hexagonal balconies and curved structures with concrete.
Realism
was a cultural movement (literary and artistic) which developed in Europe between 1850 and 1870.
Realist works show scenes from everyday life (work and family life), especially of the working class.
it portrayed the hard working conditions of the labourers and reflected the social and economic situation
was a socially conscious art,
In sculpture, the bronze works of Constantin Meunier (The forger) were important.
In painting
Jean François Millet painted peasants (Angelus)
Gustave Courbet painted different social classes (The painter's studio).
Honoré Daumier painted the working class (The washerwoman)
In Spain, an example of this artistic style was Martí i Alsina (La siesta).
Impressionism
was a style of painting and to some extent, sculpture, that began in France in 1870 and spread across Europe
It was an experimental style, in which artists tried to create an impression' in the minds of the viewers.
It was significantly different from traditional painting and is considered to be the beginning of modern art.
They usually paint outside non in an studio.
The most important impressionists were
And in Spain they were
Dario Regoyos (Tendido de sombra).
Joaquín Sorolla (Paseo a orillas del mar)
Édouard Manet (A bar at the Folies-Bergère)
Claude Monet (Impression: sunrise)
In sculpture
Auguste Rodin (The burghers of Calais) abandoned proportional representation of figures, and exaggerated facial expressions.
Post-impressionism
From 1890 onwards, Impressionism was replaced by Post-Impressionism.
This style had no common characteristics because each painter had their own style.
The most important artist in the post-impressionism were
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Edgar Degas.
Vincent van Gogh
Paul Cézanne used geometric shapes, such as cubes, cylinders and spheres, to depict real objects.
