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Prediction and forecasting the most successful ways of limiting the impact…
Prediction and forecasting the most successful ways of limiting the impact of tectonic hazards
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Mark scheme
Examplar (Juliette)
Sample paper Q1
What are the most successful ways of limiting the impact of tectonic hazards
Volcanic eruptions
Can be predicted
Sophisticated monitoring equipment on volcanoes can measure changes as magma chambers fill and eruption nears
Tiltmeters and strain meters record volcanoes 'bulging' as magma rises and seismometers record minor earthquakes indicating magma movement
Gas spectrometers analyse gas emissions which can point to increased eruption likelihood.
The minimal death toll from volcanic eruptions (despite 60-80 eruptions per year) can be mainly attributed to vastly improved prediction of these events.
Volcanic eruptions
Earthquakes
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Only areas at high risk can be identified (risk forecasting), plus areas that are likely to suffer severe ground shaking and liquefaction; this can be used for land-use zoning purposes
'Seismic gaps', i.e. areas that have not experienced an earthquake for some time and are 'overdue' can point to areas of high risk
Cannot be predicted (despite decades of scientific research)
Prediction and forecasting
Planning
Preparation
Governance
Videos
Prediction and forecasting
Turkey
Haiti