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C1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table - Coggle Diagram

- - - - loses 1 electron to become positively charged
      - when reacted with water, a metal hydroxide and hydrogen is formed
      - metal hydroxide is a base, so dissolves in water
      - has a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water
      - universal indicator turns blue/ purple
    - - reactivity increases as you go down group
      - Potassium
        
        burn violently with sparks and lilac flame, quickly melts into a ball and disappears rapidly
      - Sodium
        
        fizzes rapidly, melts to become a ball and disappears rapidly
      - Lithium
        
        fizzes steadily, slowly becomes smaller until it disappears
    - - low densities
      - relatively low melting points
      - soft - easily cut with knife
    - - makes metal oxides
      - at room temperature, it reacts with the surface of the metal that forms a white oxide that covers the surface, but under the surface it doesn't react
      - burn vigorously when heated, so when a glass jar of oygen is placed over it, white smoke will form
      - reactions get more vigorous when going down the group
    - - react vigoursly to produce chlorides that are white solids at room temperature
      - dissolves in water to form a colourless solutions
  - - - exist as simple molecules, in pairs of halogens that are joined by a single covalent bond
      - further down the group, the higher its relative atomic mass
      - higher its melting and boiling going down the group
      - gains 1 electron to become negatively charged
    - - produce salts that are made up of ions so are held together by ionic bonds
      - sodium and chlorine react vigorously when heated, giving an orange flame and clouds of white sodium chloirds
      - reactivity decreases down the group
      - chlorine
        
        hot iron wool burn vigourosly
        
        produces orange-brown iron (III chlorids)
      - bromine
        
        hot iron wool burns quickly
        
        produce red-brown iron (III)
      - flourine
        
        cold iron wool burns
        
        produces white iron(III) flouride
      - iodine
        
        hot iron wool reacts slowly in iodine vapour
        
        produces a grey iron (III) iodine
    - - produces a compound called a hydrogen halidea
      - are gases at room temperature that dissolves in water to produce an acidic solution
      - hydrochloric acid
      - iodine
        
        very slow reaction when heated strongly
        
        forms some hydrogen iodide
      - bromine
        
        vvigorous reaction when warmed with hydrogen
        
        forms hydrogen bromide
      - chlorine
        
        explodes with a flame or in sunlight
        
        forms hydrogen chloride
      - Fluorine
        
        explodes at room temperture in the dark
        
        forms hydrogen flouride
    - - more reactive halogen can displace aless reactive halogen from solutions its salts**
      - chlorine is more reactive than iodine, so a solution of chlorine can displace iodine from potassium iodine solution
  - - - have low boiling points, with Helium the lowest
      - intermolecular forces become stronger going down the group
      - intermolecular forces become stronger, so more energy is required to overcome these
    - - inert due to having a complete outer shell
      - elements react to gain/ lose electron to gain a complete outer shell, so these don't have to do this
      - do not share electrons to form molecules