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Henry VIII - foreign policy - Coggle Diagram
Henry VIII - foreign policy
1509-26 - aims were to be a warrior king, then to maintain peace
successes
1513 - Battle of the Spurs - Henry led an force to France and was successful in capturing towns eg. Tournai (impact of this is arguably minimal)
1513 - Battle of Flodden - defeated James Iv's army that had invaded - James himself was killed (HOWEVER nothing was gained as Henry failed to use the advantage)
1514 - Wolsey secured a marriage alliance between Henry's sister Mary and Louis XII
1518 - Treaty of London secured general European peace - non-aggression pact
1520 - The Field of the Cloth of Gold - showed that there was a patch of good relations between England and France and allowed Henry to show off his wealth and enhance his reputation (HOWEVER nothing was really achieved)
failures
1512 - Henry's forces invaded France but had no success
Auld Alliance between Scotland and France remained strong - led to issues with England
1514 - ran out of money for war with France so unable to exploit weakness of Scotland and had to seek peace with France
1517 - Treaty of Cambrai - between France and Spain - left England isolated
1522-23 - invasions of France that gained little and cost a lot
1526 - Amicable Grant rebellion indicated that there was not popular support for Henry's foreign policy exploits
1540-47, returned to aim to be a warrior king
successes
1542 - Battle of Solway Moss - success for England, James V also died shortly after (HOWEVER Henry did not seize the opportunity to invade as he was more concerned with an invasion of France, showed Henry's lack of competence)
1543 - Treaty of Greenwich - agreed that Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots should be married (HOWEVER it was not ratified by Scottish parliament)
1544 - invaded France and captured Boulogne
1546 - peace between France and England as neither could afford to continue the war
failures
1544 - invaded France - had planned to march on Paris but realised this would fail, failed to capture Mountreuil
1544/45 - French troops sent to Scotland and the Isle of Wight (HOWEVER the invasion of northern England never materialised)
sources of revenue
received money from parliament
Subsidy, 1523 - granted by parliament, came from taxes
inheritance from Henry VII - inherited £300,000 and this was largely spent on war
Amicable Grant, 1525 - caused widespread rebellion - people resented the tax
dissolution of monastaries - Henry VIII sold monastic land
1527-40, aims were to secure the succession
successes
1533 - England breaks with Rome - allows Henry to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn (HOWEVER this marriage did not secure him a male heir)
1536 and 1539 - relationship between France and Spain broke down again - left Henry in a more secure position
1537 - Edward is born - Henry has received a male heir
1527 - Treaty of Amiens - anti-Imperial alliance with France
failures
1527 - Wolsey attempted to impose a trade embargo with Burgundy but had to back down as Charles' retaliation created issues across England
Charles V had influence over the Pope which prevented Henry from being able to solve his marital issues diplomatically
1538 - Treaty of Nice between France and Spain - left Henry in an insecure position (HOWEVER both Francis and Charles had more pressing issues so Henry was relatively safe)
1532 - made a fragile alliance with France but as they were both in an insecure position, it did little to benefit
1540 - Henry married Anne of Cleves - unsuitable match and not politically important - soon divorced
aims
to be remembered as a warrior king
overall unsuccessful - had few minor victories that were majorly played up but ultimately his foreign policy bruised his reputation and cost far too much money
peacemaking (usually reverted to this when war was unsuccessful)
succession
successful - did secure a male heir and the continuation of the Tudor dynasty, however it did not have the success he wanted as Edward died young