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DNA, MENDELIAN GENETICS, MEIOSIS, MITOSIS, CELL STRUCTURE, What is…
DNA
Alleles,genes and traits
An allele is a form of a gene, living things inherit two alleles for each gene -one from each parent. It essentialy an altternative that determines a gene, what is a gene? well, a gene is made up of DNA, it contains instructions for the creation of one molecule or more that allows or helps the body work
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What is Homologous? Well, homomlogous means that there is the two of the same allele -This occurs in a diploid individual-
A trait is any sort of characteristic that is determined via genetics,
Dominant and reccesive These two are different ways to express a trait or basically the two different types of gene level; The trait that appears first or is expressed visibly in the organism is the dominant trait while the one that is present and masked -not visible- is the recessive one.
There is also another sort of thing including dominance, which is Incomplete dominanace this occurs when dominant allele doesnt mask completely the effects of a ressecive allele and the offspring ends up looking like a mix of the two alleles
After incommplete dominance there also is Codominance which results in when there is a relationship between two version a gene, an example of this could be spotted cows or flowers with petals of two different colors.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribunocleic acid which is better known as DNA. This is the molecule that carries all sorts of genetic information for all living things.
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What is a Nucleotide?
A nucleotide is essentialy part of the building blocks of DNA (yes there are others!) DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides and these consist of a sugar molecule (deoxyriboses) which is attached to a phosphate group!
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
The person that is accredited for having discovered or discovering a path for gen-etics was Gregor Mendel, he created or discovered certain principles that only apply to sexually reproductive organisms.
How did he discover this? Well, he used pea plants! he bellieved that heredity happens due to units off Inheritance and every gene was independent in what it did for an individual genome.
According to the mendelian concept if a trait is inherited or not depending on wether these units are passed on or not.
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MEIOSIS
Interphase I: Chromosomes meet or are linked in the centromere, forming of nuclear envelope.
Metaphase I: chromomosome which are together are homologus, they are lined up for separation, same information but with different variations,.
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Nuclear envelope? The nuclear envelope is the one to take in the role of separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm, it plays a major role in the movement of chromosomes during meiosis
The homologous chromosomes form tetrads, and these pairs line up in metaphase I in the midway point between the two poles of the cell to form the metaphase plate. These tetrads are made up of 4 chromatids and these exchange genetic material through crossing over.
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MITOSIS
A zygote divides through this process and in this proccess each cell doubles (one becomes two, two becomes four and so on)
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Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and cytoplasmic division, while four daughter cells are produced after meiosis. Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid, while those resulting from meiosis are haploid. Daughter cells that are the product of mitosis are genetically identical.
CELL STRUCTURE
As mentioned previously this feautres two things that we will touch on, Nucleus and Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope: The nuclear envelope is the one to take in the role of separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm, it plays a major role in the movement of chromosomes during meiosis
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Non- Mendelian Geneics
This is genetic that wasnt studied by mendel, or basically when scientists began checking these principles that Mendel made they found that not all organisms would adhere to these,this is where polygenetic traits come into play along with codominance, incomplete dominance.
